THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XXV.
MAY, 1911, to APRIL 1912.
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
U. A. Plummy, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ol Natural Scienct a
PHILADELPHIA.
C. W. JOHHSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,
BOSTON.
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, XXV.
INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Abalone, Collecting shells from the . . 73
Admete from Bering Sea, A giant
Admete regina Dall, n. sp. . 20
Aesopus goforthi Dall, n. sp. . . . .127
Agriolimax agrestis on Nantucket and Cuttyhunk . . 60
Alabama, The Mollusca of Monte Sano . . 121
Amastra, The distribution of Oahuan species of. . 13
Amastra elongata Newc. . .... 15
Amastra heliciformis Anc. . 15
Amastra reticulata Nc. . . 15
Ancylus burnupi Walker . .... 142
Ancylus caffer Krauss . . .139
Ancylns c. capensis Walker .... . 141
Ancylus c. farquhari Walker . . . 140
Ancylus c. gordonensis M. and P. . . . 140
Ancylus c. nanus Walker. .... . 139
Ancylus c. stenochorias M. & P. . . . . . 140
Ancylus c. trapezoideus Bttg. .... . 141
Ancylus conuollyi Walker. . . . 143
Ancylus equeefensis Walker . . . 143
Ancylus fontinalis Walker . . . 144
Ancylus mooiensis Walker .... . 141
Ancylus gaulus Old. ....... 139
Ancylus obliquus Krauss. . : 140
Ancylus transvaalensis Craven .... . 142
Ancylus verreauxii Bgt. ..... . 142
Ancylus victoriensis Walker . .... 144
Ancylus zambesiensis Walker ...... 144
Anodonta and Anodontites . . 88, 91
Anodonta couperiana and A. gibbosa, Notes on. . . 129
(iii)
IV THE NAUTILUS.
Anodonta complanata .... .22
Anodonta cygnea ........ 22
Anodontinae Ortmann . .21
Argyrodonax Dal!, n. g. . . .85
Argyrodonax haycocki Dall, n. sp. . . 85
Argyrotheca bermudana Dall, n. sp. . 86
Arion rubellus Sterki in Lake Co., Ohio . . . .64
Arkansas shell collecting ....... 40
Arkansia wheeleri Ortm. and Walk., n. sp. (PL VIII) . 98
Bermuda. A new Brachiopod from . . . . .86
Bermuda, A new genus of bivalves from . .85
Bifidaria duplicata Sterki, n. sp. . . .116
Bifidaria hordeacella, reversed . . . . . .116
Boston Malacological Club .... .7
Brazil, Correspondence from ..... 37, 54
California, The land Mollusca of San Mateo Point . . 17
California!! Mollusca, New ...... 127
Chiton aureus Spalowsky. .... .36
Collecting from Haddock on the George's Banks . . 104
Collecting on the Sipsey River, Alabama . . . .84
Colorado, Land Mollusca at Tolland. . . . .58
Colorado', Oreohelix colonies ...... 133
Congeria, On the type of ..... .95
Cuba, A vacation trip to . . . . . . .3
Cuban collecting, An incident in . • 40
Diplodon australis, The anatomy of . . . . . 100
Dosidicus gigas d'Orb. . .... 117
Edson, Henry M. . . 132
Elliptic, The generic name ...... 88
Epiphragmophora californensis and the shells commonly
called varieties thereof ....... 68
Epiphragmophora fidelis , . . . . 18, 60
Epiphragmophora infumata Old., Note on . . 59, 94
Eupleura grippi Dall, n. sp. . . . . . 87
Florida, Land shells of Garden Key, Dry Tortugaa . . 91
Glabaris 91
Glossina, The name. ....... 96
Grippina californica Dall, n. sp 128
Grippina Dall, n. gen. ....... 128
Haliotis pourtalesii Dall . . .81
THE NAUTILUS. V
Harford, W. G. W. (obituary). 8
Harpa, The nomenclature of ... .65
Helix (Dentellaria) badia Fer., New color varieties . . 48
Helix badia var. roseolabrum Smith, n. var. 48
Helix badia var. unicolor Smith, n. var. . . 48
Helix hortensis var. dichroa Ckll. n. n. for bicolor Ckll.
not Picard ....... .60
Helix hortensis on Long Island, N. Y., etc. 92, 96
Hyridella australis (Lamarck), Anatomy of . 100
Keep, Professor Josiah (obituary and portrait). . 61
Lampsilis discus Lea . . 36
Leptothyra grippii Dall, n. sp. . . 25
Limax maximus on Nantucket Island . 60
Locomotive disk of Stylommatophora . 62
Lymnaea auricularia in Ohio . . .11
Lymnaea auricularia in Canada . .60
Lymnaea florissantica, Note on. . . .24
Lymnseidae of Aroostook County, Maine . . .107
Lymnium, The use of the generic name . . 88
Maine pearls ...... . 120
Margaritana niargaritifera L. 6, 120
Margaritana monodonta Say, Distribution of .57
Margaritana, The use of the generic name. . . .88
Margaritanidse Ortmann ... 6
Maryland, Land mollusks of Garret County . .111
Mesomphix laevigata latior Pils. ... . 125
Modiolus demissus var. plicatulus in Brookline, Mass. . 132
Mollusks of Wellesley Island and vicinity, St. Lawrence
River .... .66
Mytilopsis Conrad ........ 95
Musculium declive Sterki, n. sp. . . . 103
Naiad, A new North American ...... 98
Naides, The classification of the European. . . 5, 21
Naticidse and Scalaridse, New Japanese . . . .32
New Jersey, Land shells of Atlantic City . . . .35
Notes . 11, 24, 36, 48, 59, 83, 94, 120, 132
Omphalina kopnodes W. G. Binn. ..... 124
Opeas gracile (Hutton) in the United States . . 114
Oreohelix, Notes on. . . . . . 18, 133
Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. . . . . . .138
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll. . 18, 136
Oreohelix yavapai Pile. . . 18
Pachycheilus violaceus Preston, Note on . . . 88
Palseoglossa n. n. for Glossina . .96
Pearls in one Unio ... 84
Pennsylvania, Land shells of Monroe County . . .75
Pennsylvania, Molluscan fauna of Northampton County . 26
Physa gyrina, Notes on . .... 108
Pisidia from Alabama, New . 2
Pisidium dispar Sterki, n. sp. . 2
Pisidium inornatum Sterki, n. sp. .3
Pisidium, The cardinal teeth of. . 1
Planorbis campanulatus smithii Baker, n. var. . .118
Plaxiphora setigera ...... .36
Polinices pila Pils., n. sp. . 32
Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth., arid other Missouri
Helices. . ... . 130
Polygyra clarkii bradleyi Vanatta, n. var. . . 120
Polygyra fuscolabris Pils. ...... 123
Polygyra law£e Lewis . . . . . . .132
Polygyra monodon cava Pils. and Van., n. subsp. . . 12
Polygyra sargentiana J. and P. . . . . .124
Polygyra smithii Clapp . . . .122
Polygyra (Triodopsis) obstricta, locality for . 60
Pseudanodonta. ... ... 22
Publications received . . 8, 23, 36
Rochefortia grippi Dall, n. sp. . .128
Scalariidse, New Japanese. . . 32, 41
Scala kamakurana Pils., n. sp. . . 41
Scala pretiosa var. multivaricifera Smith, n. var. . 56
Scala sagamiensis Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .42
Scala stigmatica Pils., n. sp. . . 34
Spondylus echinatus Marty n . . . .11
Squid off the California coast, Occurrence of a giant. . 117
Stenogyra subula Pfr. . . . . . . .115
Strombus pugilis, Notes on the variation of ... 109
Stylommatophora, Additional notes on the locomotive
disk of .... .62
Texas, Drift shells from . . . . . . .115
Thais (Purpura), Notes on ...... 30
THE NAUTILUS. Vll
Urocoptis Elliotti Poey . , 50
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) alvearis Torre, n. sp. 78, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) cioniscus Torre, n. sp. 46, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) dilatata Torre, n. sp. . 47, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) dimidiata Torre, n. sp. . 77, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) dimidiata intermedia Torre,
n. var. . . .... 77, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) fall ax Torre, n. sp. . . 47, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) intuscoarctata Torre, n. sp. 76, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) proteus Torre, n. sp. 43, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) proteus castanea Torre, n.
var. ... 44, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) proteus robustaxis Torre, n.
var. ... . . . 44, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) mayajiguensis Torre, n. sp. 45, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) mayajiguensis fulva Torre,
n. var. 45, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) remediensis Torre, n. sp. 45, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) tuba Torre, n. sp. . . 78, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) turgida Torre, n. sp. . 75, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) uberrima Torre, n. sp. 76, 79
Urocoptis (Gongylostoma) villarensis Torre, n. sp. . 42, 79
Unio, A new Florida ... . .29
Unio, etc. , The use of the generic name . . . .88
Unio cicatricoides Frierson, n. n. (PI. II). . . .53
Unio compertus Frierson, n. sp. (PL III). . 53
Unio detectus Frierson, n. n. (PI. II, III) . . 52
Unio tenuisculus Frierson, n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 4-6) . . 29
Unio varicosus and cicatricosus, Remarks on . . 51
Unionidae. ... . . , 7
Vallonia in Chicago. . . 95
Vertigo concinnula Ckll. . . . . . .124
Vertigo modesta parietalis Ancey . . 59
Vitrea lewisiana Clapp ....... 122
Vitrea multidentata Binn. . . . . . .125
Vitrea radiatula electrina var. circumstriata Taylor . . 125
Vivipara japonica Mart. ....
Vivipara malleatus Rve. . 31
Vivipara, Asiatic, in California. . 31
Voluta junonia. . . .81
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Allen, John A. 60, 120
Baker, Fred. . 37, 54
Baker F. C. . 66, 118
Berry, S. S. . . . 93, 117
Button, Fred. L. . 59
Caffrey, G. W. . . 26
Clapp, Geo. H. 91, 94, 132
Clapp, W. F. . . 80, 104
Cockerell, T. D. A. . 24, 58, 60, 96
Dall, W. H. . 8, 19, 25, 61, 85, 86, 87, 127
Daniels, L. E. . . 18
Edson (Harry), Henry M. . . 17, 68
Frierson, L. S. 36, 51, 129
Gifford, E. W. . 60
Goodrich, Calvin .... ... 11
Hand, E. E. . . . 83, 95
Hannibal, Harold . ...... 31
Hedley, C. . .65
Henderson, Jr., John B. 49, 71, 81
Hinkley, A. A. . ... 108
Johnson, C. W. . . 11, 109, 132
Nylander, 0. O. . ... 107
Oldroyd, T. S . 73
Ortmann, A. E. 6, 20, 88, 97, 100
Pilsbry. H. A. 8, 12, 13, 32, 34, 36, 41, 75, 95
Ramsden, Chas. T. . ... 88
Sampson, F. A. . 40, 130
Smith, H. H. 84, 114
Smith, Maxwell . ... 48, 56
Sterki, V. 1, 2, 62, 92, 103, 115
Stone, Witmer. . . ... Ill
Torre, Carlos de la. . 42, 75
Vanatta, E. G. . . . . 12, 120
Walker, Bryant 57, 97
Webb, Walter F. . . . 3
Wheeler, H. E. . 121
Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton . 30
Winkley, H. W. . 7
(• • • ^
vm)
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XXV. MAY, 1911. No. 1
THE CARDINAL TEETH OF PISIDIUM.
BY V. STERKI.
It has been asserted by earlier writers that Pisidium amnicum
Miill. and virginicum Grnel. have two cardinal teeth in the right
valve, and mainly on the strength of that character, Clessin has es-
tablished the group Fluminina. Some authors have ascribed that
feature to other species of Pisidium, or even to all, indiscriminately and
without examination. But the whole thing is based on a misappre-
hension ; the fact is that the two Pisidia, named have only one cardinal
tooth in the right valve (and two in the left, like all others), and con-
sequently the feature holds good not only for Pisidium, but for the
whole family, Spheeriida. It might be added that if those species
had really two teeth, Fluminina would mean a distinct genus, at
least.
In young, and even many half-grown specimens, there is plainly a
single cardinal tooth, strongly curved. With advancing age there
appears an indentation in the middle (above), as the anterior and
posterior parts are growing more. They grow also in thickness, even
the thinner anterior often becomes grooved, and at the same time the
whole tooth becomes more curved, resp. angular, resembling the two
in the left valve (inversely). But a careful examination will show
that the two shanks are connected.
On the other hand, in mfiny specimens of P. compressum Pr., vari-
abile Pr., etc., there is a more or less marked indentation in the
middle of the right cardinal.
THE NAUTILUS.
NEW PISIDIA FROM ALABAMA.
BT V. STERKI.
Among the latest sending of Sphczriidse from Alabama and Ten-
nessee, collected by Mr. H. H. Smith and sent for examination by
Mr. Bryant Walker, there were three Pisidia which could not be
referred to any of the established species and not to each other.
The mussels are all rather small, and none shows very salient feat-
ures, but sufficient to be distinct. The type lots are in the collection
of Mr. Walker, and specimens of the same in the Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (The numbers cited are those of my special collec-
tion of Sphceriidce).
P. albidutn, n. sp. — Mussel rather well and regularly inflated, ob-
long-rounded on the posterior margin, subtruncate, supero-anterior
slope slightly marked ; beaks barely behind the middle, little elevated,
rather small and somewhat mamillar, rounded or slightly flattened
on top ; surface dull, with fine to very fine, somewhat sharp, irregu-
lar, crowded stria?, smooth over the beaks ; color whitish to pale
corneous with narrow straw-colored zones along the margins ; shell
opaque to subtranslucent, thin ; hinge rather slight, cardinal teeth
well formed : the right curved to somewhat angular, slightly thicker
at the posterior end, left anterior angular, posterior oblique, slightly
curved ; ligament rather slight and short.
Long. 3.8, alt. 3.2, diam. 2.2 mill.
Long. 2.8, alt. 2.4, diam. 2 mill.
Hab. : A spring, Sparta Branch (Murder Creek drainage), 5 miles
south of Evergreen, Ala. (Conecuh Co.). [No. 6739].
Most specimens in the lot were juv. to half-grown, and only few
apparently mature, yet of rather different sizes, as indicated. The
oblong outlines, dull surface with rather sharp strias, and the whitish
color are sufficient to distinguish this Pisidium.
P. dispar, n. sp. — Mussel short-oval to subquadrate, medium in-
flated with the lower part somewhat flattened ; beaks barely or
not behind the middle, rather small, moderately prominent ; su-
perior margin somewhat curved, bounded by a rounded angle behind,
barely any in front ; surface dullish waxy, striae very fine and slight,
shallow, crowded, subregular ; color pale-grayish horn, with narrow
straw-colored marginal zones ; hinge rather slight, cardinal teeth
small, the right curved, with its posterior part thicker; a deep tri-
TUP: NAUTILUS. O
angular excavation below it ; left anterior somewhat angular, pointed,
the posterior oblique, slightly curved ; lateral cusps short, pointed ;
ligament rather slight.
Long. 3.3, alt. 2.8, diam. 2 mill.
Hale.: Flood pools by Murder Creek, 3 miles south-west of Ever-
green, Ala. [No. 6742].
Of the several dozen specimens, few if any, were full-grown,
probably, all were somewhat rusty colored by a slight ferruginous
deposit — combined with the size and shape, and color, the " waxy"
dullish surface and the very fine slight striae are sufficient to distin-
guish the species.
P. mornatum. n. sp. — Mussel small, high, well inflated; beaks
little posterior, rather large, rounded somewhat prominent; superior
margin rather short, moderately curved, bounded by angles, supero-
anterior slope steep, slightly curved, anterior end rounded, posterior
margin subtruncate at nearly right angles to the longitudinal axis,
inferior margin well rounded ; surface somewhat glossy, striae fine
and slight, subregular; color pale-corneous, shell translucent; hinge
well formed, plate rather broad; cardinal teeth thin lamellar, all
situated rather high up on the plate, the right curved, its posterior
part deeply bifid; left anterior angular, posterior long, nearly longi-
tudinal, curved ; " side " cusps short, pointed, rugulose; ligament
rather strong.
Long. 3, alt. 2.7, diam. 2.1 mill.
Hab.: Swampy land, Roanoke, Randolph Co., Ala. [No. 6747].
Although only about half a dozen specimens, they are sufficient to
be recognized as representing a distinct species.
A VACATION TRIP TO CUBA.
BY WALTER F. WEBB.
If you have been working too hard on the farm, or feel all run down
from the laborious duties of an active business or professional life,
my advice to you is to take the first train for New York and get
aboard one of the steamers heading towards the West Indies. It
does not matter much where you get off; Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti or
any of the islands farther south.
I went down by train and came back by boat, and the latter is the
4 THE NAUTILUS.
most restful and the cheapest. I was determined to meet my old-
time correspondent, Mr. C. T. Simpson, and look over the little
earthly paradise he has created with his own hands, on a little plot of
15 acres bordering Biscayne Bay. He has one of the most interest-
ing arboretums in the country and one cannot help but admire the
artistic beauty of it all, reflecting, as it does, the genius and taste of
the owner.
If you want to collect land shells in the West Indies, journey to
the nearest hills, cliffs, railroad cuts, etc., and you will find them in
all kinds of weather. There had been no rain in two months when I
was in Cuba last December and I expected to find collecting poor. I
I feel sure it was a poor time from a Cuban standpoint, but com-
paring it with the United States it was a veritable paradise. I
landed at my hotel in Havana at 11 a. m. All settled in two hours,
and started for one of the nearest likely points. A misty rain setiiii
which lasted until 3.30, and in two hours, with the aid of a helper,
quietly picked up over one thousand perfect live specimens of as
handsome Urocoptis, of several species, Chondropoma, Oleacina,
Helicina, etc., as one would wish to see.
The next day we visited a different locality, exploring some hol-
lows in stone walls, some good cactus patches near the old ocean,
where every bit of board end rubbish we turned over revealed from 6
to 15 fine Cerion, and our catch was nearly two thousand. Mostly
Chondropoma, Cerion, Cistula, etc.
We then started for the mountains in the southwest part of the
island, Pinar del Rio province. For days we wandered among lime-
stone cliffs several hundred feet high, explored wild caves evidently
the hiding places of numerous bands of guerrilas during the eight-
year war, and each day was a repetition of the other. Every section
would contain new species different from the day before. We were
very successful with the Urocoptis, part of which were always found
on the sides of cliffs, usually within 15 feet of the ground, and about
an equal number of species were always found under stones and other
refuse. The Megalomastomas were about, three inches deep in the
ground, and associated with them were numerous Chondropomas and
other operculates. The Oleacinas were always under the edges of
stones. Limestone fences well isolated from hills were good collecting,
as even some of the large Helix were hiding there, as well as Liguus.
One hollow tree was well coated with good things, and they were
hiding among the cactus as well.
THE NAUTILUS. O
A trip to the Province of Matanzas we found to be most interest-
ing. The so-called mountains contained a large list of species and
they were easy to collect. It reminded me of the old days years ago,
when we used to go berry-picking. For hours one could walk along
the face of the cliffs, and there was always enough in sight to keep up
plenty of enthusiasm, until one was so completely tired out he was
ready to quit. I had a young farmer with me from Indiana, a
typical Hoosier, never outside of his county before, and he declared
he never was so tired in his life. I will venture to predict that after
tramping over a part of the three provinces of Cuba after snails, he
will have more to tell his rural friends than the average tourist. His
remarks about the country and people from day to day were a con-
stant source of amusement, especially when he was unable to get a
thing to eat, in the midst of plenty. A little smattering of Spanish
is a good thing to take along with you when visiting a Spanish
country. My little guide-book was sometimes more precious than
gold, for we were in several towns where we could not find a person
who spoke a word of English, and we were equally as ignorant of
Spanish.
Not feeling at all sure that the editor of THE NAUTILUS will care
for such a rambling article, I will refrain from further notes; but if
any reader contemplates a trip to some of the classic collecting
grounds of the West Indies, I will be pleased to give them such in-
formation as I can, which will help to make the trip a source of
pleasure and successful as well.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUROPEAN NAIADES.
BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.
Through the courtesy of Mr. W. Israel in Gera-Untermhaus,
Germany, I have received a great number of European Naiades with
soft parts, representing practically all species known to occur in cen-
tral Europe. I do not presume to judge on the validity of the num-
erous species described by certain European writers, but rely in this
respect on the opinion of the conchologists like Kobelt, Haas, Thiele,
Israel, and others, chiefly since they are at present rather unanimous
in assuming only a limited number of species, divided into a larger
or smaller number of forms, races or varieties. The chief object of
b THE NAUTILUS.
the present communication is to point out the essential features of
the anatomy, as far as they are of systematic value. This I deem
an urgent necessity, since to all appearance the anatomy and the
systematic relationship of the European forms is not very well under-
stood among the European writers.
Family MARGARITANID^; Ortmann.
The chief differences of this family are found in the incomplete
gill-diaphragm ; in the entire lack of a tendency to approach or to
unite the mantle margins to form siphons ; in the structure of the
gills, which lack regular septa running parallel to the gill-filaments,
and consequently, in the lack of the well-defined water-tubes (ovisacs
in the female); in the marsupium being formed by all four gills ; and
in the small size and globular shape of the glochidium, without true
hooks.
The only known genus is Margaritana Schumacher.
Margaritana margaritifera (Linnaeus). I have the soft parts of
a specimen from Thuringia (Elster River drainage).
The soft parts agree in all essential points with North American
specimens of this species collected by myself in Schuylkill Co., Pa.
1 have considered the identity of the species as established.
Margaritana sinuata (Lamarck). This species is not before me.
It is the Margaritana crassa of Simpson (P. U. S. Mus. 22, '00, p.
667). The mistake of Simpson in using the specific name cras-
sus Retzius for this species has been amply demonstrated by Kobelt
(Zur Kenntnis unserer Unionen, in : Festschr. 100-jaehr. Best.
Wetterauisch. Ges. Naturk. Hanau. 1908, p. 99, and : Simpson und
die europaeischen Najaden, in : Beitr. Kenntn. mitteleurop. Naj.,
Beil. Nachr. Bl. deutsch. malakozool. Ges. no. 3, 1909, p. 43). Re-
cently, Haas (Nachr. Bl. etc., 4. 1910, p. 181) has created the new
genus Pseudunio for this species, and gives a description of the soft
parts. Unfortunately he fails to say anything about the gill-struc-
ture. But as far as this description goes, it is absolutely identical
with that of the soft parts of Margaritana margaritifera, and the few
differences of these two species pointed out by Haas I cannot regard
but as specific differences. Haas apparently overestimates the differ-
ences, while he underestimates the resemblances, aside from neglect-
ing entirely one of the most important characters (gill structure).
Much stress is laid upon the presence of lateral hinge teeth in
THE NAUTILUS. 1
Margaritana sinuata. but I see no reason, why there should not exist
species of Margaritana with hinge teeth, in fact, this is a logical
postulate, if Margaritana in general is a primitive genus. Similar
cases of genera containing species both with and without lateral teeth
are met with, for instance, in Alasmidonta and Symphynota. Thus
Pseudunio is to be regarded as a pure synonym of Margaritana, and
has nothing whatever to do with Unio. Of course, the gill structure
is yet unknown, but we have every reason to expect, that it will
prove to be like that of Margaritana margaritifera, or will be very
close to it.
Family UNIONID^E d'Orbigny (restr.)
This family has the following characters. The gill-diaphragm is
complete; there is a tendency to approach the mantle margins at the
point where the gill diaphragm reaches the mantle margins, and a
tendency to unite these margins above the anal opening, so as to
form an incomplete anal siphon, and leave, above it, a supraanal
opening (This tendency is absent in a few North American types).
The gills always have well-defined septa running parallel to the
filaments, thus forming more or less regular water-tubes. In the
female, in the marsupial gills, these water-tubes become ovisacs, and
are much narrower than they are in the non-marsupial gills of either
sex. The marsupium is formed either by all four gills, or only by
the outer gills, or parts of the latter. The glochidium has various
shapes, with or without hooks.
(To be concluded?)
BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.
The Boston Malacological Club has just closed a most interesting
season of meetings. With a membership of about thirty, the attend-
ance has averaged twenty or more. It has been a matter of surprise
to the members to see the diversity of subjects well handled by the
different speakers. An idea can be had from the following as ex-
amples. Dr. Paul Bartsch on Collecting in the Philippines ; Mr. F.
N. Balch on Nudibranchs ; Mr. C. W. Johnson on Distribution and
variation of Busycon and Melongena ; Mr. D. L. Belding on Economic
forms in Mass.; Mr. Arthur Way on The Life of Say. Prof. Morse
on Eyes in Lamellibranchs and other topics ; Mr. Winkley on
Mollusca and Changed Climate. We have also had exhibited in-
teresting letters, photographs, drawings and specimens.
HENRY W. WINKLEY, Sec.
8 THE NAUTILUS.
W. G. W. HARFORD.
We regret to record the death in Alameda, California, March
1st., of W. G. W. Harford, well known to all Pacific Coast natural-
ists. Mr. Harford was in the eighties and, up to a very recent date,
in the possession of all his faculties. He had been the associate of
the Trask, Veatch, Voy, Newcomb, Stearns, and other pioneer
Pacific Coast naturalists, and for a long time kept "bachelor's
hall " in a small shack on Telegraph Hill, with the late beloved
botanist Dr. A. Kellogg ; practically realizing the Scotch ideal of
high thinking " on a little oatmeal." " He was long a curator at the
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, and earned a precarious liveli-
hood by collecting seeds, plants and other objects of Natural History,
and by minor appointments at the University and other scientific in-
stitutions. He was especially interested in Conchology and was ap-
pointed naturalist to the U. S. Coast Survey expedition to Alaska
in 1867 under the direction of Professor George Davidson ; his re-
port is printed in the Annual Report of the U. S. Coast Survey for
1867, Appendix 18.
He printed little and his life was devoted to helping others in their
researches. Over six feet in height, of a Lincolnian gauntness, and
a pioneer style of luxuriant beard and bushy eyebrows, his familiar
figure will be missed by the old members of the California Academy,
to whose meetings he was perennially faithful.
W. H. D.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE LYMNJSID^: OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, RECENT
AND FOSSIL. By Frank C. Baker (Chicago Academy of Sciences,
Special publication No. 3, Feb. 15, 1911.) Pages xvi -f 539, 58
plates). This handsome publication is the outcome of several years
of study by Mr. Baker, in the course of which all of the large col-
lections in this country containing type specimens have been exam-
ined. Chapters on the morphology, ecology, distribution, classifi-
cation and nomenclature, and descriptions of fossil species, precede
the systematic descriptions of the recent species, 65 in number, be-
sides numerous subspecies.
85 species and varieties occur between latitude 38° and 60° ; 13
occur north of 60°, 29 between 38° and 30°, and only 7 south of
THE NAUTILUS. »
30°. The 105th meridian roughly divides the eastern from the
western Lymnaeid fauna, only 17 species and varieties being common
to both. The highest development of the group is in the glaciated
portion of the continent.
The classification adopted presents several interesting features.
Following Dybowski and some other European authors, Mr. Baker
separates the Planorbidte and Ancylidse as families distinct from the
Lymnceidce, on the basis of differences iu the shell and soft anatomy,
which seem amply to justify that view.
The genus Lymnaea, as hitherto used in this country, is divided
into the following genera and subgenera :
Genus Lymncea Lamarck, type L. stagnalis.
" Pseudosuccinea Baker, type L. columella.
" Radix Montfort, type L. auricularia (Europe).
" Bulimnea Haldeman, type L. megasoma.
" Acella Haldeman, type L. haldemani (L. graailis Jay).
" Galba Shrank, type L. truncatula.
Subgenus Simpsonia Baker, type L. humilis.
" Stagnicola Swainson, type L. palustris.
" Leptolimncea Swainson, type L. glabra (European).
" Polyrhytis Meek, type L. kingii (fossil).
Genus Pleurolimnsea Meek, type L. tenuicosta (fossil).
The genus Galba contains nearly all of our species, Lymnsea
and Pseudosuccinea each having two, Bulimntza and Acella each one
species. The genera are based upon quite readily recognized shell
features, and rather small but apparently constant differences in the
soft anatomy, chiefly the genitalia and teeth. The anatomical differ-
ences between the genera are not so great as are generally recognized
as generic in the land snails, since they consist mainly of differences
in the proportions of certain organs, rather than in the possession or
absence of structures ; yet their value in classification depends upon
their constancy in long series of species. Many more forms should
be dissected with this in view. At present the evidence seems to
favor recognition of the several genera in the Lymnrea group defined
by Mr. Baker.
Numerous figures are given of the dentition, jaws and genitalia of
American species, — one of the most valuable features of the work.
In the terminology of the genitalia we would suggest a change, in
order that it may conform to the usage in writings on land pulmo-
10 THE NAUTILUS.
nates. The " penis sac " of Mr. Baker's descriptions is the penis,
while the non-invertible tube surmounting it, which he designates
" penis," seems strictly homologous with the epiphaUus of land snails.
Since these distinctions were introduced by the writer in 1892, they
have been adopted universally by workers on land snail anatomy,
and in the interests of uniformity it seems well to use the same terms
in aquatic pulmonates.
In his attitude toward species Mr. Baker sides with the " splitters,"
quite as frankly as Binney, in Land and Fresh-water Shell II, in-
clined towards the " lumpers." It may turn out that the author has
attached too much importance to local forms, and failed to make due
allowance for variation of the same specific type under varying spe-
cial conditions. Yet after all, the question is not one for a snap
judgment ; the status of each form must be decided separately, and
often by local study, where the influence of local conditions on the
associated species can be taken into account. It usually turns out
that a work of this nature raises more questions than can be settled
by a generation of conchologists. One of its valuable features is in
stimulating investigation of the vast variety of forms shown to exist,
of the correlation of shell-characters with ecologic factors, etcetera.
Many new species and subspecies, most of them originally described
in this journal, are illustrated here for the first time by excellent
photographic figures, which occupy 34 of the 58 plates, the others
being devoted to anatomical and ecologic illustrations. The facts of
distribution are graphically summarized by many maps printed in
the text. H. A. P.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY VITRINEL-
from the west coast of America, by Paul Bartsch. (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., vol. 39, pp. 229-234. 1911.) Cyclostroma baldridgei
(Gulf of Cal.); G. miranda (San Pedro); C. adamsi (Panama); Cir-
culus liriope (Gulf of Cal.); (7. diomedese (Panama); Gyclostromella
dalli (Gulf of Cal.), are the new species described.
THE RECENT AND FOSSIL MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS ALABINA
from the west coast of America, by Paul Bartsch. (Proc. U. S. N.
M., vol. 39, pp. 409-418. 1911.) Seven new species and two sub-
species of this genus of minute Bittium-like shells are described from
the receat and Tertiary faunas, and all of the known species are re-
viewed. Like the last paper, this is illustrated with excellent line
engravings.
THE NAUTILUS. 11
NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS COLLECTED BY MR. JOHN MACOUN AT
BERKLEY SOUND, VANCOUVER ISLAND, B. C. By William H.
Dall and Paul Bartscb. (Canada, Dept. of Mines, Memoir no.
14-N. 1910.) In reporting upon this collection — the first to be
made on the ocean side of Vancouver Island — attention is called to
the interesting fact that the inland passages of this region, "perhaps
affected by the discharge of cold water from glacier-fed streams, and
the shutting-off of the sun's rays from the narrow passages by their
mountainous shores and prevalent fogs, is markedly of a more boreal
character " than the ocean coast. New species are described in the
genera, Leda, Beta, Mangilia, Soreotrophon, Epitonium, Turbonilla,
Odostomia and JBittium, all figured.
NOTES.
SPONDYLUS ECHINATUS MARTYN — I have recently received from
Mr. J. H. Holmes some fine examples of Spondylus echinatus, which
also rival in size and beauty the S. pictorum of the Gulf of Cali-
fornia. One of the specimens measures five inches in length, and
Mr. Holmes writes that " some are six inches long." They were ob-
tained in ten fathoms near Rock Island, one of the Anclote Keys,
Florida C. W. JOHNSON.
LYMN^EA AURICULARIA IN OHIO. — On March 21st last I found
Radix auricularia L. in numbers in a marshy stream forming the
northeast border of Toledo, Ohio, less than 100 feet from Maumee
Bay, Lake Erie. The shells were in two to eight inches of water,
moving slowly about on the bottom, upon sticks, and some, afloat at
the surface, were in the position of coition. Dead shells of auricu-
laria were found also on the marshy borders of a bayou farther to
the north. Near this bayou are several greenhouses and I am in-
formed that it is the custom of the florists to import potted azaleas
from Holland and Belgium. In this way eggs may have been
brought here and reached the open water through drains. The pres-
ence of a large colony and the indications that another exists close
by would appear to bear out the comment of Mr. Frank Collins
Baker, in his recent work upon the Lymnseidce, that " there is no
reason why it (auricularia) would not thrive in the ponds and rivers
of certain favorable localities of this country."
12 THE NAUTILUS.
It is an interesting coincidence that that fecund traveler, Bylhinia
tentaculata, is the most common shell to be seen on the mud flats of
these two marsh areas. — CALVIN GOODRICH.
POLYGYRA MONODON CAVA n. subsp. The shell is larger than
P. m. fraterna ; more openly umbilicate, deeply impressed or exca-
vated around the umbilicus. Parietal tooth short, its ends about
equally remote from the terminations of the lip. Fulcrum well de-
veloped, notched above and below. Whorls 5^. Pilosity tine and
short, about as in P. m. fraterna. Alt. 0, diam. 10.5 mm.
Types No. 90127 A. N. S. P., from Cazenovia, Madison Co., N.
Y., collected by Messrs. Henderson, Walker, Clapp and Pilsbry,
1905.
A recent review of specimens in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences shows the existence of a rather large and openly
umbilicate race in the Transition Zone, from Maine to Minnesota,
extending into Ontario. It coincides in part with the range of P.
monodon and P. m. fraterna, but does not extend so far south. It
intergrades to some extent with fraterna, but in most cases the two
are readily separable.
In this connection it may be noted that with the exceptions of P.
m. cincta and P. m. imperforata, the several races of monodon inter-
grade more or less. The following races form a series in which each
member is connected to the forms immediately following arid pre-
ceding : monodon, alicitz, friersoni, fraterna, cava, cincta.
Also in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences from
the following places : Ottawa, Ontario (F. R. Latchford). Maine,
Woodland, Aroostock Co., (0. O. Nylander) ; Knox Co., (N. W.
Lermond) ; Fairfield (J. H. Thomson); Buckfield, Oxford Co., (John
A. Allen). Willoughby L. Vermont (A. D. Brown) ; Mass., (Dr.
Mighels); N. Y., Herkimer Co., (A. Bailey); Chittenango Falls;
Cazenovia, Madison Co., (H. A. Pilsbry etc.)
Md., Foot hills of Martin's Mt., Cumberland Co., (H. A. Pilsbry
& J. Ives). Va., Harper's Ferry, (G. W. Tryon) Mich., Grand
Rapids (A. O. Currier); E. Saginaw, (Lathrop) Minn., near Albert
Lea, (H. Hemphill); Iowa, Des Moines, (T. Van Hyning); Mar-
shallton, (Rev. R. B. Kendig).
The lowest figures on plate 41 of Terr. Air-breathing Moll. U.
S. Vol. Ill, seem to have been drawn from a specimen of this
variety — Pilsbry\fy Vanatta.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXV. JUNE, 1911. No. 2
THE DISTRIBUTION OF OAHTJAN SPECIES OF AMASTRA.
BT HENRY A. PILSBRY.
The genus Amastra, comprising dull ground-snails of Achatinellid
type, is found throughout the Hawaiian group from Kauai to Hawaii,
but is rather sparingly developed on the two terminal islands, reach-
ing its maximum in the intermediate islands, where special groups
have been differentiated. In this intermediate region there have
been two main centers of evolution, the one composed of Maui,
Molokai and Lanai, the other of the single island Oahu. Common
to these two centers are the group Cyclamastra (represented by
small umbilicate species, like A. umbih'cata, now mostly extinct),
and its derivative Pterodiscus.
The two centers are roughly comparable topographically. Oahu
consists of two mountain ranges, a western (Waianae range) and a
much longer northeastern or Main Range, separated by a lower
tract, not forested, and supporting no Amastrae. In the other center,
Molokai -f Maui represent the Main Range of Oahu, Lanai the
Waianae range; only there has been subsidence isolating the com-
ponent ranges. This may seem an idle analogy; but it was sug-
gested by the facts of molluscan distribution. Lanai by its Amastrae
holds such a relation to Molokai as the Waianae range to the west-
ern end of the main range; while Molokai, west Maui and east Maui
are almost as closely related in their Amastraa as corresponding
segments of the Main Range of Oahu, if this was broken by dropping
out a few valleys in two places.
Omitting a few species of which the exact locality is unknown, and
14 THE NAUTILUS.
for the time ignoring the numerous " varieties " or subspecies, Oahu
has 28 species of Amastra in the Main Range, 15 in the Waianae
Range. Such a proportion seems natural in view of the comparative
magnitude of the two ranges. The species fall naturally into five
series, which may be called the umbilicata series, the undata, the
cornea, the inflata and the spirizona series.
The undata series belongs to the Main Range, especially its
eastern half, where it is developed in a great variety of forms. Two
of the fourteen species have been found in the Waianae range, one
of them, Amastra albolabris unchanged, and another represented
in the Waianae Range by two varieties of A. reticulata, not very
different from the presumably parent form of the species in the main
range.
The inflata series is also wide-spread in the Main Range, but one
variable species, Amastra rubens, has several varieties in the Waianae
range, and one Waianae species, A. porous, is distinct from any in
the Main range, though probably related to A. tristis.
The small cornea series has three species, one of them fossil, in
the Waianae Range, and one very rare species, A. (emulator Pils.,
has recently been turned up in the Main Range.
The spirizona series comprises seven species in the Waianae
Range. Amastra porphyrea Nc. is found also in the Main Range,
where there is moreover a distinct but related species, A. porphyros-
toma. A. spirizona of Waianae has several varieties in the Main
Range — nigrolabris, chlorotica — and one derivative species, A. turri-
tella. The last is the only form which has extended into the eastern
end of the Main Range.
In dealing with groups of closely related species in limited areas
there cannot be much chance of error in holding that the region of
greatest variety and abundance of strictly localized specific forms has
been the center of differentiation of those forms. If so, it may be
seen that the undata and inflata series had their rise in the
Main Range and the cornea arid spirizona series in the Waianae
Range.
To evolve so large a variety of species, many of them strongly
individualized, the two ranges must have existed as separate tracts
for a long time. It favors this view that fossil forms are found in
both ranges. Whether the separation was by water, or by a land
surface unfavorable to forest-snails, we have at present no means of
THE NAUTILUS.
15
knowing. This long period of separate evolution we further infer,
was followed by a brief period of union during which forests ex-
tended from the Waianae mountains across the valley to the western
part of the Main Range. This connection must have been quite
recent, within the life of existing species, for in several cases the
same species is found in both ranges. A few forms have been
specifically differentiated since the migration, or possibly they may
have died out in the original area. At the present time the forests
have receded up the mountains, and no migration from range to
range is possible. Moreover, there has doubtless been extinction of
many forms which once inhabited the lower region.
Most of the migrating species are exceptionally virile forms, shown
by their rather wide distribution and tendency to form varieties in
their home ranges. Such are A. spirizona, A. rubens, A. reticulata,1
A, crassilabrum.
In the following list of Oahuan Amastrse the Main Range species
are given in the left, Waianae species in the right column. A few
species of unknown habitat and some named varieties are omitted as
unessential.2 The new names for the latest discoveries of Messrs.
Thaanum and Spalding and Dr. Cooke will be defined in the next
number of the Manual of Conchology. Names of fossil species are
prefixed thus t-
Forms which are believed to have orio'mated in the Main Range
are printed in Roman type ; those of Waianae origin in Italics.
Main Range. Waianae Range.
(Series of A. umbilicata^)
Sola.
t Antiqua (Ewa) ? Heliciformis Thwing.3
1 Amastra reticulata was first named from the derivative migrant in the
Waianae Range, instead of from the descendants of the parent stock in the
Main Range, a circumstance which might lead to an erroneous idea regarding
the origin of the several forms.
2 Ackatinella clongata Newc., an Oahuan species, has been omitted for want
of a knowledge of the apical sculpture to fix its systematic position. It may be
a sinistral member of the sjiirizona group, related to A. tenuispira, or it may
possibly prove to belong to the group of A. soror.
3 Mr. Thwiug has figured as Amastra helidformis Ancey a shell resembling
Amastra agglutinans Newc., of Maui. It can hardly be Mr. Ancey's species,
which belongs to Pterodiscus (see Manual of Conchology, pi. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3),
and is much more depressed than Thwing's figure. See Occasional Papers
B. P. B. Museum, III, no. 1, pi. 3, fig. 17.
16 THE NAUTILUS.
Main Range. Waianae Range.
t Extincta (loc. uncertain).
f Hartmani (loc. uncertain).
(Series of A. undata.)
Textilis.
Gulickiana.
Spaldingi.
f Caputadamantis.
Pellucida.
Irwiniana.
Davisiana.
Thaanumi.
Reticulata orientalis. Reticulata.
Reticulata errans. Reticulata dispersa.
Cookei.
Transversalis.
Albolabris. Albolabris.
f Vetusta.
Undata.
Badia.
(Series of A. cornea?)
Cornea.
t Subcornea.
Emulator Crassilabrum.
(Series of A. inftata.')
Rubens kahana. Rubens.
Rubens infelix. Rubens corneiforrnis.
Rubens seminigra. Rubens castanea.
Tenuilabris.
Tenuilabris rubicunda.
Luctuosa.
Decorticata.
Inflata.
Rubida.
Elliptica.
Tristis. Porcus.
(Series of A. spirizona.~)
Frosti.
Turritella. Tenuispira.
Spirizona acuta.
THE NAUTILUS. 17
Main Range. Waianae Range.
Spirizona nigrolabris. Spirizona.
Spirizona chlorotica.
Intermedia.
Porphyrea. Porphyrea.
Porphyrostoma. Cylindrica.
Varieyata.
THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF SAN MATEO POINT, CALIFORNIA.
BY HARRY EDSON.
San Mateo Point is a heavily-wooded knoll containing about one
and one-half acres of ground, on the San Francisco bay coast mid-
way between San Mateo and Burlingame. It is practically an
island as far as the land mollusca are concerned, beiag entirely sur-
rounded by water and salt marsh with the exception of a wagon road
that during the rainy season, the only time the snails travel in Cali-
fornia, is covered with water most of the time, so that there has
been no very recent addition to the molluscan fauna, which is rather
large considering the area of the collecting ground, and that the
nearest place any molluscs are found is over three miles away with
the town of San Mateo and the salt marsh intervening.
•&•
LIST OF SPECIES.
Epiphragrnophora arrosa, Gould, found in large numbers on the
western or bay side exposure. I was unable to find any on the
opposite side.
This species showed a very great variation, running from a very
dark shell with no superior color band to a light-colored shell with
dark band, also an albino form some without any band and others
banded, one of the latter had a bright orange band.
Epiphragmophora nickliniana, Lea. This shell was found rather
sparingly, buried under the debris in some small water channels
running from the center of the point.
Gircinaria vancouverensis,, Lea, a few specimens found on the
west side.
Gircinaria duranti, Newc., found on a little hill in the center of
the point that the Indians had evidently used as a place to hold clam
bakes.
18 THE NAUTILUS.
Punctum conspectum, Bland, found in large numbers around the
roots of the Eucalyptus trees on the east side.
Zonitoides minuscula, Binney, found at the roots of the Eucalyp-
tus trees.
Mr. E. W. Gifford1 reported finding Epiphragmophora Jidelis,
Gray, at San Mateo Point, but I regard this as erroneous as the
farthest south it is known is the form infumata, Gould, found as
far south as Santa Rosa. As there is no land connection between
there and San Mateo Point, the only explanation would be that
they were washed into the bay on a log or a tree and drifted to the
point ; but this is highly improbable, as they would have to stand
immersion in the salt water for many days, and I am positive that it
does not occur there now, so it is quite probable that he mistook one
of the light forms of Epiphragmophora arrosa, Gld., tor Jidelis, Gray.
NOTES ON OREOHELIX.
BY L. E. DANIELS.
During the fall of 1909 in company with J. H. Ferriss, I collected
snails in the Kaibab Mountains and the Grand Canyon of the Colo-
rado. Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll. was the most abundant
species north of the canyon, 0. yavapai Pils., on the south side.
A few notes may be of interest to the readers of THE NAUTILUS.
Oreohelix is viviparous, and when cleaning the shells if I observed
one that was gravid I made note of the number and color of the
embryos.
The first Oreohelix s. depressa collected was on August 28th on
Powell Plateau, and when cleaned nearly one-third were found to be
gravid, with from four to eight young in each shell, the young con-
sisting of from one and one-half to two and one-half whorls ; all of
the adult shells were brown with dark bands, and the young were all
brown. Very few of the embryonic shells show bands and then only
a faint trace.
The last station, Spectacle Cove in the Grand Canyon, was col-
lected on October 23d, the number taken was 456 0. yavapai.
Only ten were gravid, or one in forty-five. Six of these contained
two, three contained three and one four embryos. This lot was
1 NAUTILUS, XIV, page 144, 1901.
THE NAUTILUS. 19
hibernating and was not cleaned until January loth after returning
home. Of this lot of ten shells, six were brown with darker stripes,
and four were white or albino. Five of the brown shells contained
brown embryos of from two to three in each, the other brown shell
contained three brown and one white; two of the white contained
two brown each ; one white contained two brown and one white, and
the remaining white one contained two white. Whether the small
number in each shell of this lot tends to show that a portion of the
embryos may have been extruded and the remainder would have
been carried until the returning spring, I cannot say, or it may be
that this particular colony would not produce as many young, as the
adult shells are not more than two-thirds the size of those from most
of the other stations.
At a station in Quaking Asp Canyon, Kaibab Mountains, four of
the shells of Oreohelix strigosa depressa were gravid, three brown
with dark bands and one white. One brown shell contained five
brown; one brown contained nine brown; the other brown shell
contained three brown and two white, and the white shell contained
five brown and two white embryos. These shells were hibernating,
and they were collected on October 14th and opened January loth,
1910.
At twelve stations taken at random the number of young ranged
between five and twelve from each shell. One shell from another
station contained twenty embryos. All of the shells taken at these
thirteen stations were brown with dark bands and the embryos were
all brown.
In this connection I might say that in the fall of 1907 I collected
in the Huachuca Mountains. The species of Oreohelix there being
strigosa concentrata (Dall) and strigosa huachucana (Pils.). I did
not see a single albino and none among the embryos.
Query : In the light of the above notes what is to be done with
varieties alba and rubra among the species of snails.
A GIANT ADMETE FROM BERING SEA.
BY WILLIAM H. DALL.
Among the collections made by me more than thirty-seven years
ago in Bering Strait and at Plover Bay on the Siberian side of the
20 THE NAUTILUS.
Strait a number of species of shells were procured, some of which
are widely distributed in the boreal seas while others are local.
Many of the specimens were exceptionally large, larger than others
of the same species collected elsewhere. In sorting the material,
which has been all these years in alcohol, a remarkable new species
of Admete was found, of which the description follows :
ADMETE KEGINA n. sp.
Shell large, solid, white, with a coffee-colored periostracum and
five or more whorls, the apex in every case being more or less
eroded ; spiral sculpture of fine, even-channeled grooves with flat-
tened or even slightly concave wider interspaces, covering the whole
shell except a space between the suture and the shoulder of the
whorls ; there are about two grooves and an interspace to a milli-
meter ; axial sculpture of a few feeble often more or less obsolete,
irregular, low plications, not quite reaching the middle of the whorl ;
suture very deep but not channeled ; whorls moderately rounded ;
base attenuated, with a narrow, deep umbilical perforation ; outer
lip simple, hardly thickened, throat white, smooth, body with a
smooth, white layer of callus ; pillar concavely arcuate, with six or
more feeble plaits, the anterior end of the pillar projecting over a
deep notch.
Height of shell 36, last whorl 27, of aperture 20, max. diam.
22 mm.
Type No. 221473, U. S. N. Mus. ; dredged in Plover Bay in 25
fms., hard bottom, by W. H. Dall in 1874.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUROPEAN NAIADES.
BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.
( Concluded from page 7).
I have divided the family Unionidce into three subfamilies, only two
of which are found in Europe (compare : Nautilus, 23, Febr. 10, p.
114-120).
Subfamily: UNIONIN^E Swainson (restr.)
Supraanal opening rarely not separated from the anal, generally
well separated. Marsupium formed by all four gills, or only by the
outer ones, when charged only moderately swollen, and its edge not
THE NAUTILUS. 21
distending. No secondary watertubes developed within the marsu-
pium. Glochidia rather small, either semioval or semielliptic, with-
out hooks, or subtriangular, with hooks — These forms have a short
breeding season.
The typical genus is Unio Retzius, of which the European species
Unio pictorum (Linnaeus) is the type.
Unio pictorum (Linnaeus). A large number of specimens is at
hand, from various parts of Germany and Hungary, representing
several " forms."
. The anatomy is typical for the family : the supraanal is well sepa-
rated from the anal by rather long mantle-connections. The mar-
supium is formed by the outer gills alone, and according to the struc-
ture of the edge of the gill, it does not seem capable of distending,
when charged.
No gravid females are at hand, but according to various authors,
the breeding season is short, and the glochidia are subtriangular,
with hooks.
This latter character distinguishes the European genus Unio from
the genus bearing the same name in North America. In addition,
in the latter, the mantle-connection between the anal and supraanal
is generally shorter, and the shell chiefly the beak sculpture, is fun-
damentally different. Thus we cannot place the North American
species in the same genus, and I have concluded to use for them
the name Elliptio Rafinesque.
Unio tumidus Retzius (about 10 specimens from Germany and
Hungary at hand); U. crassus Retzius (many typical specimens from
Thuringia), and the probably conspecific forms : batavus Maton &
Racket (5 specimens from Germany and Hungary), and consentaneus
Rossmaessler (one male from Bavaria), have essentially the same
anatomical structure as U. pictorum. A specimen of U. batavus
from Hungary had the outer gills partly filled with eggs. No lateral
water-tubes were observed.
Subfamily : ANODONTIN.E Ortmann.
Supraanal always well separated from the anal opening, generally
by a very long mantle-connection. Marsupium formed only by the
two outer gills, when charged greatly swollen, and an extra thickness
of tissue at the edge permits them to distend. Within the water-
tubes of the marsupial gills, lateral (secondary) water-tubes, lying
22 THE NAUTILUS.
toward the faces of the gill, are developed during the breeding sea-
son, while only the central part of each original water-tube is used
as ovisac. The ovisacs are closed also at the base of the marsupium.
Glochidia rather large, subtriangular, with hooks These forms
have a long breeding season.
Also of this subfamily, the typical genus is European, and the
type-species is Anodonta cygnea (Linnfeus) of Europe.
Anodonta cygnea (Linnaeus). I have a large number of speci-
mens, of both sexes, the females sterile or gravid, with eggs as well
as with glochidia, in my hands. They represent various forms of
this polymorphous species (piscinalis, fluviatilis, anatina, ceflensis
etc.), but I agree with certain European writers in regarding them
all as one species. At any rate, in the anatomical structure, they
are all alike.
The soft parts of this species correspond to the characters given for
the subfamily above in every detail, and it is not necessary to describe
them again, except to make the statement that the anal and supra-
anal openings are separated by a very long interval. It may also be
mentioned that I possess slides of this species, which show the for-
mation of the lateral water tubes of the marsupium most beautifully,
rendering it beyond doubt that these tubes are actually cut off from
the original water-tubes.1
Anodonta complanata Rossmaessler. I have six specimens from
Bavaria, among them two males, one sterile, and three gravid fe-
males, the latter with glochidia.
The structure of the soft parts is absolutely like that of A. cygnea
in all essential points. For this species the genus Pseudanodonta has
been created by Bourguignat, which recently has been taken up as
valid by Haas (Najadenfauna des Oberrheins, in: Abh. Senckenberg.
Naturf. Ges. 32, 1910, p. 170, and Pr. Malacol. Soc., g., 1910, p.
110). The characters originally given by Bourguignat, and added
to by Germain (see Haas), are taken from the shell, and, aside from
the compressed shape of the latter, are entirely imaginary. Later
on, the shape of the glochidia was added (Schierholz) as a further dif-
ference, and (by Clessin) the structure of the gills, in terms which
1 An epithelial fold each on two opposing faces of two septa grows into the
lumen of the water-tube, and these two folds come into contact. In this spe-
cies I have not seen them firmly united, as in other species, although this un-
doubtedly will be the case when they are tully developed.
THE NAUTILUS. 23
are hard to understand, and the meaning of which can only be
guessed. The latter were referred to by subsequent writers by the
mysterious words that there are " anatomical " or " histological " dif-
ferences. My own investigations have convinced me that all ana-
tomical or histological elements in the gill-structure of A. complan-
ata are essentially the same as in A. cygnea, the only actual differ-
ence being a slighter development of the interlamellar tissue in A.
complanata. And further, the shape of the glochidium is indeed
slightly different, that of A. cygnea being a little larger, and higher
in proportion to length. For the rest, A. complanata is absolutely
like A- cygnea) and the general shape of the shell, chiefly the con-
formation of the beaks and their sculpture, indicates clearly that A.
complanata is not only a true Anodonta, but also belongs to the same
group of the genus, of which A. cygnea is the type (as distinguished,
for instance, from the North American group of A. grandis). The
very slight differences in the anatomy alluded to above, and in the
glochidium, cannot be regarded as of more than specific value.
Pseudanodonta, consequently, is a synonym of Anodonta, and I must
confess that I rarely have come across a more useless and superfluous
genus.
I hope to find occasion, in the future, to give a more detailed and
illustrated account of the European forms discussed here, and very
likely shall do so in connection with my studies of the soft parts of
a number of North American forms, in which I am now engaged.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE RECENT AND FOSSIL MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS CERITHI-
OPSIS FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA. By Paul Bartsch
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, May 8, 1911). Former work on
the forms is reviewed, followed by a classification of the species into
the subgenera Cerithiopsis proper, Cerithiopsina, Cerithiopsidella and
Ceritkiopsida, based upon characters of the embryonic and early
neanic whorls. Of 44 species known from the west coast of North
and South America, five occur only fossil, and 25 are described as
new. All the species are illustrated by photographic figures. It is
an important work on a difficult and hitherto little-known genus.
NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM BERMUDA. By W. H. Dall
24 THE NAUTILUS.
and Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 40, May 8, 1911).
The new forms are :
Mitra haycocki. Cerithiopsis movilla.
Columbella somersiana. Cerithiopsis ara.
Aclis bermudensis. Cerithiopsis pesa.
Turbonilla bermudensis. Fissuridea bermudensis.
Turbonilla peilei. Odostomia nioba.
Turbonilla haycocki. Ischnochiton bermudensis.
Columbella somersiana is a remarkably large form of the Merca-
toria group, described from an immature shell 24 mm. long. All
the species are well illustrated.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SCIENTIFIC WRITINGS OF R. E. C.
STEARNS. By Miss Mary R. Stearns; with biographical sketch by
William H. Dall (Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 56, no. 18, 1911).
156 papers are recorded as published during a long life of varied scien-
tific activities, 111 relating to Mollusca, the others divided between
Ccelenterata, Agriculture, Forestry, Ethnology, et cetera. Many of
Dr. Stearns's shorter articles were published in the NAUTILUS. A
good portrait, probably sat for about 1895, illustrates this paper,
which will be especially useful to those working with west coast
mollusks.
NOTES.
Note on Lymnaa florissantica. In his very valuable work on the
Lymngeiclae, Mr. F. C. Baker has made a curious error in reference
to Lymncea florissantica. I sent him a photograph I happened to
have representing the cast of the body whorl of the type, in the
American Museum of Natural History. Through some misunder-
standing, he figured as the fossil a shadow on the photograph, which
accidentally resembles a shell. We have here at the University of
Colorado the reverse of the specimen photographed, showing the
outline nearly complete, the spire, etc., and also a more perfect but
smaller specimen collected since. These confirm my original con-
ception of the shell, and show that it does not at all resemble L.
palustris. It is proposed to publish good figures in connection with
a general account of the fossil land and freshwater mollusca of Colo-
rado, later in the year.
It is worth while to add that L. florissantica shows a very strong
general resemblance to Lymncea pachygaster (Thome), which I col-
lected in the Miocene beds at Wangen, Baden, the year before last.
The types of L. scudderi and sieverti&rQ at the American Museum
of Natural History, not at the University of Colorado, as Mr. Baker
has it. — T. D. A. COCKERELL, University of Colorado, Boulder.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXV. JULY, 1911. No. 3
A NEW LEPTOTHYKA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY WILLIAM H. BALL.
Mr. C. W. Gripp, of San Diego, Cal., recently obtained from a
fisherman a stone hauled up on a fishing-line from the rock-cod banks
off the entrance to San Diego harbor, in 100 to 150 fathoms. On
this stone, beside corallines, annelids, etc., were several mollusks,
Placobranchns {OscanieUaT) californicus Dall, Crepidula nummaria
Gould, a Saxicava and two specimens of a Leptothyra, which is un-
described and markedly different from any other species of that
genus known to the Coast. Both specimens were immature, but the
older one lacks merely the thickening of the aperture which comes
with maturity. Both contained the operculum.
Leptothyra grippii n. sp.
Shell small, solid, of about five whorls; the apex slightly flattened,
nepionic whorls one and a half, small, nearly smooth, whitish; sculp-
ture on the spire on the second whorl three, increasing to five on the
last whorl, strong, prominent, squarish spiral cords, articulated in the
type with crimson and white, the interspaces at first smooth, on the
later whorls with one to three intercalary much smaller spiral threads;
on the last whorl between the peripheral cord and the next posterior
cord five uniform fine threads, though this feature is probably vari-
able; base flattened, translucent white, with one articulated crimson
and white color band around the umbilical region, which is also white;
pillar broad, white, with one prominent knob of callus in the middle
of it; throat brilliantly pearly; the whorl is laid slightly above the
26 THK NAUTILUS.
peripheral cord, which is covered by the advancing whorl; body
color crimson; faint spiral striae on the flattened base; axial sculpture
only of incremental lines. Height of shell -V^o; ot h.st whorl 4.0;
max. diameter 6.0 mm. Operculum as usual in the genus, with
about three whorls.
THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF NOBTHAMPTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
BY G. W. CAFFREY.
So far as is known to the writer no list of the mollusca oi' this
county has been published up to this time. The species named in
the following list have been found within the count}7, and nearly all
occur in the vicinity of Bethlehem, as well a* in other localities
explored.
Helix appressa Say, described by Hartman in " Conchologica
Cestrica " as occurring "under flat stones on the Lehigh River,"
has not been found by the writer, though diligently sought along that
stream from Bethlehem to its confluence with the Delaware River at
Easton.
The physical conditions in the Lehigh Valley and adjacent lands
are favorable to the development of the shell-bearing mollusca, lime-
stone being abundant, and the wateis strongly impregnated with that
mineral. The limestone cliffs, old quarries and abandoned lime-
kilns found on nearly every farm, afford good collecting ground for
Helicidtz and Pupil/idee.
LlMAClDJG.
Umax maximus L. Bethlehem.
Limax agrestis Miil). Bethlehem, W. L. King.
Limax campestris Binn. Bethlehem.
ZONITIU.E.
Gastrodot/ta ynlaris Say. One specimen in drift on Monocasy
Creek.
Gastrodonta suppressa Say. Monocasy Creek.
Zonitoides nitida Mull. Bank of Monocasy Creek.
Vitraa cellaria Mull. Rare, West Bethlehem, bank of Monocasy
Creek, W. L. King.
Zonitoides arborea Say. Common.
THE NAUTILUS. 27
Vitrea indentata Say. Uncommon, Bethlehem.
Vitrcea viridula Mke. (radiatula Alder). Rare, Bethlehem.
ENUODONTIDJ*:.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Common, Bethlehem. Specimens of
a creamy-white, lacking the usual markings, have been found on the
Monocasy Creek.
Pyramidula striatella Anthony. Common, Bethlehem.
Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Quarries and limey situations, Beth-
lehem.
HELICID^E.
Potygyra (Mesodon) thyroides Say. Frequent, Bethlehem.
Polygyra (Mesodori) albolabris Say. Common, Bethlehem.
Polygyra (Triodopsis) tridentata Say. Common, Bethlehem.
Polygyra ( Triodopsis} introferens Bland. A single specimen (not
inflecta), Bethlehem.
Polygyra (Stenotretna) monodon fraterna Say. Common, Beth-
lehem.
Polygyra (Stenotrema) hirsuta Say. Common, Bethlehem.
Vallonia pulchella Miill. Common, Bethlehem.
Vallonia costata Miill. Not common, Bethlehem.
Pupa armifera Say. Very common, Bethlehem.
Pupa marginata Say (fallax Binney). Numerous in one locality,
Bethlehem.
Pupa contracta Say. Common, Bethlehem.
Pupa pentodon Say. One or two specimens, Bethlehem, W. L.
King.
Pupa corticaria Say. Under bark of dead willow tree, Monocasy
Creek, rare, Bethlehem.
Vertigo ovata Say. Rare, Bethlehem.
Vertigo milium Gould. Two specimens, Bethlehem.
FERUSSACID^E.
Gochlicopa lubrica Miill. (Ferussao'a subcylindrica Anct.). t'lid^r
decaying leaves, woods north of Bethlehem.
CaecilioneUa acicula Miill. Lehiph Mountain, conti^ii.ms to
Fountain Hill Borough, spreading from greenhouses; also found by
Mr. W. L. King in his yard in Bethlehem.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
SlICCINEIDJS.
Succinea obliqua, Say. Common, Bethlehem.
Succinea avara Say. Damp meadows on JVIonocasy Creek.
PHILOMYCID..E.
Philomycus carolinensis Bosc. Freemansburg, Pa.
AURICULID^E.
Carychium exiguum Say. Bethlehem.
LIMNAEID^E.
Limnaea catascopiurn Say. Monocasy Creek, unusually large
specimens taken, measuring, length 26, diam. 15 mill.
Limnaea desidiosa Say. Monocasy Creek.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, common.
Planorbis campanulatus Say. Lehigh River, not common.
Planorbis deflectus Say. Canal and pond, Bethlehem.
Ancylus rivularis Say. Delaware River, Easton, Pa.
Physa heterostropha Say. All streams.
Physa ancillaria Say. Monocasy Creek.
VALVATID^E.
Valvata tricarinata Say. Monocasy Creek, common.
Valvata bicarinata Lea. Pond, Bethlehem.
Amnicola decisa Hald. Canal, Bethlehem.
Amnicola granum Say. Lehigh River.
Somatogyrus altilis Lea. Lehigh River.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Monocasy Creek, not common.
VIVIPARIDJE.
Campeloma decisum Say. Lehigh River and Monocasy Creek
common.
Lioplax subcarinata Say. With the preceding species, common.
TI1K NAUTILUS. 29
PLEUROCERID^.
Goniobasis viryinica Gniel. Shells badly eroded in the Lehigh
River, but perfect and large among rocks at the mouth of Monocasy
Creek.
Sph&rium simile Say. Mouth of Monocasy Creek, common.
Sphcerium striatinum Lam. Saucon Creek (W. L. King).
Pisidium virqinicum Gmel. Lehigh River, Delaware River
(King).
Pisidium compressum Prime. Lehigh River.
UNIONJDjE.
Unio comp/anatus Sol. Lehigh and Delaware Rivers, common.
Unio ochraceus Say. Delaware River, common.
Margaritana marginata Say. Delaware River, common.
Anodonta fluviatilis Lea. Lehigh Canal; also ponds in the vicinity
of Bethlehem.
NEW FLOEIDA UNIO.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
No very clear idea of the Unio coruscus could exist because it
has never been figured. Through the courtesy of Mr. Van Name,
of the State Museum of New York, an accurate photograph of the
type shell is herewith given to readers of the NAUTILUS (Plate I,
figs. 1, 2, 3).
Mr. Van Name having also kindly compared suites of Florida
Uniones with Gould's shells (three in number), an undescribed shell
has been found which is herewith described.
UNIO TENUISCULUS n. sp. Plate I, figs. 4, 5, 6.
Shell transversely elliptical, rather solid, quite small, bring the
smallest member of the great buckleyi group yet published ; smooth,
eradiate (except when quite young), brown-olive, shining on the
sides, the posterior area rough and dull ; dorsal and basal margins
nearly parallel (the former a little arched in some examples). Pos-
terior point low and widely triangulate ; truncate in front. Nacre
purple and salmon-colored. Teeth double in left, single in right
valve, quite stout. Length 3fi-|, alt. 20, <liam. 14^ mm.
30 THE NAUTILUS.
The shell is differentiated from U. coruscus by being smaller ; by
its parallel outline ; by its posterior point being lower and more
biangular. In proportion to size, it is heavier in texture, and when
perfect shells of both are compared, it is not so shining as is coruscus.
The squarely built anterior end is a character common to a number
of Florida Uniones.
The habitat is Reedy Lake, Polk Co., Florida, in the Gulf
drainage. Specimens in cabinets of Mr. Bryant Walker, of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and in my own.
A plate illustrating the type of U. comscus Gld. and this species
will appear in the next number.
NOTE ON THAIS (PTJKPURA).
BY MRS. M. BUKTON WILLIAMSON.
Having recently received a fine series of American Thais or Pur-
pura from Mr. Henry Hemphill, the well-known student of variation
in shells, it occurred to me that his notes on these shells would be of
interest to the readers of the NAUTILUS. The shells, composing
over fifty varieties of form, sculpturing, color, etc., were collected by
Mr. Hemphill on the coast of Maine, Puget Sound, Washington,
Oregon and California.
As the earlier readers of the NAUTILUS are aware, Mr. Hemphill
takes one species as the type of a group, and around this type he
places other species as types of varieties.
Many years ago P. P. Carpenter and George W. Tryon l noted
the strong resemblance between Purpura lapillus L, of the eastern
coast of North America, and P. saxicola Val. of the Pacific shore.
Mr. Hemphill, while agreeing with them, would group our west
coast species around P. lapillus L. as the progenitor of the whole
series. He compares shells he collected on the coast of Maine with
P. saxicola of the west coast, and a tray of these shells are, as he
says, " almost identical in every respect with Tomales Bay, Cali-
fornia, specimens." These selected specimens are puzzling indeed
when we consider the geographical area from which they were
collected.
1 Manual of Conchology, Vol. II.
TIIE NAUTILUS. 31
Mr. Hemphill's conclusions, as shown in the study collection re-
ceived from him, would be, in the grouping of the west coast Thais,
as follows : Purpura lapillus L.; var. ostrina Gld., P. var. emarginata
Desh., P. var. saxicola Val., P. var. lima Mart., P. var. septeri-
trionalis Rve., and P. var. crispata Rve. Variations, globose,
banded, etc., and color-variations very naturally are grouped under
each named variety, and present a series of variations typical of the
painstaking that has always been accorded this veteran conchologist
of the California!) coast.
FURTHER NOTES ON ASIATIC VIVIPARAS IN CALIFORNIA.
BY HAROLD HANNIBAL.
In THE NAUTILUS, V, 1892, p. 114 and VI, 1892, p. 51, W. M.
Wood reported Paludina japonica from the Chinese markets of San
Francisco. The writer has had an opportunity to examine some of
these specimens in the collection of W. S. Raymond, and they prove
to be Viviparus matteatus Rve., having been compared with malleatus
received under that name from Frederick Stearns at a time when
the Japanese Viviparas were was less known than at present.
Stearns (NAUTILUS, XV, 1901, p. 91) reported V. stelmaphora
(= malleatus) sent by Mrs. A. E. Bush, a shell enthusiast now
dead, " from seven or eight miles from San Jose " (probably in the
Artesian Belt), and " a little valley at the foot of Mount Hamilton."
The latter locality is probably erroneous ; it has not been verified,
and the specimens seem to have passed through several hands. In
1908, the writer (NAUTILUS, XXII, p. 33) noted V. lecythoides
from the Artesian Belt between San Jose and San Francisco Bay.
Comparison with specimens from Nagasaki, Japan, proves this also
to be malleatus, and it is figured under that name in the 1910 edition
of West American Shells, PI. iii, fig. 8.
It is abundant at a number of points in the Artesian Belt since
this was at one time an extensive berry district where celestials were
employed. The species was brought from Yokohama and originally
planted between Alameda and Centerville to supply the markets
about San Francisco Bay where they bring 20 cents a dozen accord-
ing to Wong, a Chinese merchant, whence colonies have been <lis-
32 THE NAUTILUS.
tributed to a number of points in the Sacrarnento-San-Joaquin
Valley as well. This is verified by specimens from an irrigating
ditch near Fresno received from C'. E. Jenney. It may be expected
to turn up elsewhere.
A few days ago on a visit to the Coalinga Oil Fields a lengthy
wait at Hanford was necessary to make train connections. While
other passengers sat about with bored expressions or searched the
town for amusements, the writer welcomed it as an opportunity to
go forth in search of the elusive snail and walked out of town about
half a mile east to a dry irrigating ditch. This had recently been
prolific of molluscan life, and while scratching in the dried weeds for
Pisidia a specimen of another Vivipara was found. Pisidia were
forgotten and a systematic " muckraking " of every weed up and
down the ditch for a hundred yards was only interrupted by the roar
of the coming train. The spoils proved to be Vivipara japonica
Mart., a number of which were still alive, though the ditch from all
evidences had been dry for months.
V. japonica may be readily distinguished from malleatus by its
sharper more acute spire, flatter whorls and fine spiral striae instead
of the four lines of revolving punctures. The earinate base is
usually retained throughout life while in :ill introduced malleatus
seen it becomes obsolete before maturity is reached.
The Japanese, who are also fond of these, call them Tanisba or
rice snails.
Pilsbry and Johnson (NAUTILUS, VII, 1894, p. 144) note that
Taylor reports Paludina japonica (== Fi'wpara) from the Chinese
markets of Victoria, B. C.
NEW JAPANESE NATICIDAE AND SCALARIIDAE.
BT HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Polinices pila, n. sp.
The shell is umbilicate, globular, with a short, conic spire ; brown
with lighter streaks, and partially covered with a very thin cuticle,
worn from the back, which is somewhat flesh-colored. The surface
is smooth except for fine, faint growth-lines which are strongly re-
TIIK NAUTILUS. 33
tractive below the suture, and very faint, fine spiral striae. Whorls
5^, the earlier ones worn, blue, scarcely convex, the last 2 or 2-^
flattened below the suture, then convex ; last whorl is somewhat con-
cave below the suture, elsewhere well rounded. The aperture is only
slightly oblique, half-circular, brown inside, with a white band within
the acute lip, which is built forward near the upper insertion. The
columella is white, rather thick, with a very weak, low lobe partially
filling the umbilicus, above which a lobe projects angularly forward
and is appressed to the shell wall. The parietal wall is almost nude
in the middle but has a heavy white callus in and below the posterior
angle of the aperture. The umbilicus is narrow.
Alt. 41.5, diam. 35.5 mm.
The operculum is thin, rich chestnut colored, somewhat concave
outside in dry specimens, with the nucleus near the columellar mar-
gin, as usual. It seems to comprise about 2^ whorls.
Akkeshi, Kushiro. Cotypes no. 97973 A. N. S. P., and no. 1706
of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This form belongs to the subgenus Lunatia. It differs from the
o o
young stage of P. lewisii by the shape and uniform whiteness of the
columellar callus (pila, a ball).
Polrnices batliyraphe n. sp.
The shell is small, openly umbilieate, globose, white under a thin
light yellow cuticle. The spire is very short and low, the early
whorls white and worn. The suture is deeply impressed, and in
the last whorl conspicuously channelled. The surface is shining,
marked with fine growth-lines and minute spiral striae, which are
strongest around the umbilicus. There are 3^ convex whorls, the
last very large, flattened and depressed at the suture, elsewhere con-
vex. The umbilicus is large and open. Aperture very oblique,
half round, white within. Outer and basal lips are thin and sharp.
Columella concave, obtuse and simple below, but above, in the um-
bilical region, it dilates, forming a small, slightly thickened lobe, to
some extent arching over the umbilicus, and adnate above. The
parietal wall is very short, white, and heavily calloused throughout.
Length 6, diam. 6.5 mm.; longest axis of the aperture 5.3 mm.
Fukura, Awaji, Cotypes no 97974 A. N. S. P., and no 1(576 of
Mr. Hirase's collection.
34 THE NAUTILUS.
A miniature Polintces, resembling P. montayui Forbes and P.
pallida B. & S., but very distinct by its conspicuously excavated
suture (bathyraphe, deep suture.)
SCALA STIGMATICA n. Sp.
Allied to S. maculosa Adams & Reeve. The shell is barelj
rimate, white, marked below the perifery with oblique oval brown
spots in each inter-lamellar space, and sometimes with a few faint
ones above the perifery. These spots are not sharply defined, but
fade at their edges. The spire is straightly conic; embryonic whorl
or whorls wanting in the specimens seen. Succeeding whorls are
well rounded, separated by deep sutures. The last one or one and
a half whorls are so deeply separated that they seem to be in
contact only at the ribs. There is a very minute sculpture of fine,
close, unequal engraved spiral lines in the intercostal spaces. The
ribs are rather low and narrow, without points at the shoulder, or
with them very indistinct ; at irregular intervals there are larger,
heavier ribs. Each of the last two whorls has eight ribs. The
aperture is oblique, short-oval ; peristome continuous, with a strong
lip-varix.
Length 24, diam. 8^ mm.; whorls remaining 9^.
Length 20^, diam. 8^ mm.; whorls remaining 10.
Fukura, Awaji, Japan. Cotypes no. 88318 coll. Acad. Nat. 8ci.
Phila., from no. 1571 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
This species was determined as new in 1904, and was sent out
under the above name by Mr. Hirase. Subsequently I thought it
might be a form of S. maculosa A. and R., and the description was
therefore withheld. Mr. G. B. Sowerby, who received specimens
from Mr. Hirase, has kindly informed me that it is quite distinct.
S. stigmatica is " much larger than £ maculosa, whorls more
rounded, ribs more distant, and not at all angular or acnleated " at
the shoulder.
(To be continued.}
LAND SHELLS OF ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY
BY H. A. P1LSBRY.
During August, 1909 and May, 1910, the writer spent two or
three afternoons exploring certain small groves or copses standing in
THE NAUTILUS. 35
the midst of the salt marshes which separate the coast islands from
the mainland of New Jersey. Those visited lie perhaps a half mile
out on the salt marsh from the inside or north shore of Yentner, a
suburb of Atlantic City. They are elevated a lew feet above tlie
level of the surrounding marsh, and support a varied association of
plants. In one place a single large holly tree stands in a thicket, of
low shrubs, poison ivy, etc., the whole only :i few rods in extent.
Here were found
Polygyra albolabris maritima (Pils.). Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.).
Vallonia perspectiva (Sterki). Pupilla muscorurn (L.).
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Bih'daria contracta (Suy).
Zonitoides arborea (Say). Hifidaria pentodon (Say).
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Vertigo milium (Gld.).
This place, on a subsequent visit, was found deeply buried in
sand, drifted from the surrounding area of made land, where it has
been pumped out of the inlet.
Further eastward, and separated from the preceding by about half
a mile of salt marsh, there is a narrow but rather long and sparse
grove or copse of cedars, with dense underbrush of wild rose, poison
ivy, sumac, grape, pokeberry, etc., etc. This is directly opposite
Vassar Place, Ventner, and perhaps a half mile out in the marsh.
Here were found:
Vallonia perspectiva (Sterki). Pupoides marginata (Say).
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Pupilla inusconun (L.).
Zonitoides arborea (Say). Bifidaria contracta (Say).
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Bifidaria pentodon (Say).
In another place near by the same species were found with the
addition of Vertigo milium Gld. and the shells of Agriolimax.
It is not easy to say how these snails readied such isolated spots,
especially since few if any of them are to be found in the interior of
New Jersey. The occurrence at sea level of such northern forms as
Pupilla muscorum and Cochlicopa is anomalous. With them there
is one distinctly southern species, Vnllonia perspectira, never before
reported from New Jersey or any other point of the Atlantic coastal
plain.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
REPORTS ON MOLLUSKS — Two interesting reports on the mol-
lusk fisheries of Massachusetts have been published during the past
year by the Massachusetts Commission on Fisheries and Game.
The reports represent a three-year investigation of the life, habits
and methods of culture of the clam, quahaug, oyster and scallop.
The work was done by Mr. David L. Belding, biologist. The sub-
ject is treated very thoroughly, with an account of their former natu-
ral abundance, historical wastefulness, present conditions and the
possibilities of development. " Thousands of acres once productive
lie barren, and we have but a remnant of the former abundant yield."
Massachusetts fishermen to-day receive an annual income of $685,705
from the shell fisheries, which approximately cover a productive area
of 40,000 acres. It is estimated that when the present vast areas
are again made productive the value of the annual catch should be
increased tenfold.
NOTES.
Chiton auretis Spalowsky, Prodromus in Systema Historicum Tes-
taceorum (Wien, 1795), p. 88, pi. 13, figs. 6a, 6fi, " Vaterland die
Su'dsee (von der Insel Otaheiti ?)" seems to be the common Magel-
lanic Plaxiphora setigera, and is the oldest name for that species.
It is described in a rare book, recently acquired by the Academy of
Natural Sciences, and which I do not remember to have seen re-
ferred to in any other work. The figures are excellent in drawing
and beautifully colored, much like those of Born. Most of them
represent well-known species of Linnaeus and Gmelin. — H. A.
PlLSBRY.
NOTE ON LAMPSILIS DISCUS (LEA.) — It may be worth while to
record a lapsus pennte in the reference to this species in Mr. Simp-
son's Synopsis of the Naiades, p. 705. Figure 310, plate LXII, of
the Conchologia Iconica, of Sowerby, is there cited by Mr. Simpson
under L. discus Lea. That figure really represents U. crassidens
Lam., as noted by Simpson himself on page 707 of the Synopsis.
The true L. discus Lea being shown in the Conchologia Iconica by
a fine figure under the name of " Unio mexicanus Sowerby." — L. S.
FRIERSON.
THE NAUTILUS, XXV
PLATE I.
^ >
Figs 1, -2. 3.
Figs. 4, :.. fi.
1,2,3 UNIO CORUSCUS GOULD, TYPE P. 29.
4,5,6. UNIO TENUISCULUS FRIERSON, CO TYPES, P. 29.
FHE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXV. AUGUST, 1911. No. 3
CORRESPONDENCE FROM BRAZIL.
BY FRED. BAKER.
NATAL, BRAZIL, May 30, 1911.
As I have a chance to get letters away to-morrow, and as I have
a little breathing spell this afternoon, I will give you an idea what
we have been doing since reaching Brazil.
Unfortunately, we lost much time in Ceara- waiting for the way
steamer to bring us to this smaller port, and as the vessel was ex-
pected from day to day we did not unpack our outfit, so our work
was not carefully done.
The authorities have been most considerate, admitting our things
~ o
without duties, and in every way facilitating our work. At Ceara
we were taken in a special train to Quixada — 164 kilometers —
where the largest dam in Brazil is located. It is a surprise to all of
our party who are new to the country to find that the States of Ceard,
and Rio Grande do Norte, making up the northeastern portion of
Brazil, have a climate about as dry as that of Southern California
and not very unlike it in many other respects. Nowhere did we
see the luxuriant tropical vegetation which we were accustomed to
in Mexico and Central America. The whole coast is a line of sand
dunes, constantly shifting, varied by an underlying sand rock in
places, and as far as we went the timber is all small.
The dam at Quixada is an enormous affair, and owing to the
scanty rainfall of the district and the limited watershed, which prob-
ably was never carefully estimated, it is much larger than is needed
and has never entirely filled.
38 THE NAUTILUS.
For two days we were the guests of the railroad and government
officials and were royally treated. The train made frequent stops at
stations and wherever there seemed any prospects of finding things
zoological. Before we reached our destination we had scared the
natives by our collection of lizards, toads and snakes, and I had
been able to get a few specimens of land shells, to which I have
been able to add extensively since. I am unable to determine any-
thing with definiteness, but to date I have collected over a quart of
living and dead shells apparently representing Helix, Zonites, Buli-
mus, Bulimulus, Buliminus, Tomigerus and Stenogyra. In Ceara-
the number of all except the last was very small, but back of Natal
I have found the other genera represented in considerable numbers.
In Natal we were again the guests of the railroad and government
officials for a run of 86 kilometers to Baixa Verde, located in the
"Campos" country, the great rolling comparatively barren plains
of the interior of the State. On the way we passed a single lime-
stone cut furnishing a fine lot of fossils and also representatives of at
least three species of living shells. The low, brushy timber through
which we ran was largely made up of the Mangabeira, the rubber
tree of Southeastern and Eastern Brazil, which at a distance re-
minds one of a small weeping willow. This, in season, furnishes
employment for a considerable number of men, and yields sufficient
rubber to show considerable export. For the rest, Cactus, Acacia
and similar growths take one back in imagination to the lower parts
of Arizona and New Mexico.
Later we were furnished a custom-house steamer for a run of 20
miles down the coast to the little town of Piraugy. Here we dropped
into a typical tropical settlement, very primitive and poor, but most
interesting. This region is noted for its native pillow lace, and
here it was for sale very cheap, so that most of our party invested
small sums. We estimated the time spent in making some of it
and found the women selling the results of their labor for from two
to four cents a day.
I interested the native boys in collecting, and on the shore rocks
we got at least one species of Chiton, a small Area like solidissima
and a small variety of things not yet determined. On a reef about
a mile out I added a few things, but my impression formed here and
at Ceard is that the conchological fauna is extremely poor both in
number of species and of specimens. I spent an hour dredging at
THE NAUTILUS. 39
the boat's anchorage in two fathoms of water and had much difficulty
in getting the material aboard as the sand was almost too fine to
stay in the dredge net. The material is not rich, but a large hand-
ful looked over yesterday yielded a Dentalium, a Turbonilla, and
three or four minute Rissoids.
At Ceara I found Neritina virginea very common and all along the
coast a Cryptogramiua is in evidence. Also two species of the
Lucinidae, one measuring about two inches across are not rare, as
well as several representatives of the Tellinidae, always beach-worn.
A day's very careful dredging over some nine miles of the estuary
on the side of which Natal is located, ranging from the muddy
mangrove swamps above to the shifting sands at the mouth gave
very little results, so that I am disappointed in the hope of securing
a large collection while here. However, as we shall stay a month
longer, I hope to be able to make a useful and fairly full report of
what is here. There is a company about to begin work with a
couple of deep-sea trawlers, and we have been invited to make our-
selves at home aboard as soon as they get to work. This should
give me a chance to see just what the bottom offers about this region.
Our original plan to work the coast from this point to Para lias
been upset because the only available government boat is too small
to carry the necessary supply of coal and water to make the long
run between ports where coal can be had, and the owner of the only
available sailing vessel demands $3000.00 to take us to Para, al-
though the trip could be made in a month or six weeks. On this
account, and because of the great possibilities which the trawlers
offer, we have decided to make a careful survey of this region before
moving up the coast.
You asked me to write you of our trip for use in the NAUTILUS.
If any of the foregoing seems of sufficient interest for such use you
are welcome to use it. As you will see, our plans have been largely
changed, but it is the verdict of all concerned that a thorough survey
of this region, which has never been worked at all, may yield as
valuable results as anything we could do. We have passes over the
two railroads, and everything points to efficient work.
Meanwhile we are beautifully located on a hill overlooking bay
and ocean; there is a constant breeze from the ocean, and there is
no appreciable heat unless one exerts oneself ; so we are in for a
delightful time, whatever our results may be.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
ARKANSAS SHELL COLLECTING.
BY F. A. SAMPSON.
In March of the present year I did some collecting at three places
in Arkansas, and below I give the result. The first place was at
Van Buren, Crawford county, on the bluff above the town. Here I
found only four species.
Bulimulus dealbatus (Say). Two shells were found, both dead
ones.
Polygyra appressa (Say). Two dead shells of 17 and 18 mm.
There was scarcely an indication of the lamella-like long denticle on
the basal margin that is mentioned in the type description.
Polygyra inflecta (Say). One-third of the fifteen shells did not
have the umbilicus entirely covered. They were of five whorls and
9 to 10 mm.
Polygyra jacksoni (Bland). At Eureka Springs, Arkansas, this
species is of five and one-half whorls, and 6 to 6^ mm.
From various other counties of the State the size is about the
same, but from Sebastian county they were larger. The most of
those found here, seventy in number, were of 8 mm. and were of
decidedly darker color than those from other localities. The same
was true of the inflecta, but not as notably so. Shells were gener-
ally scarce under large single stones, and were found under piles of
stones.
II. The next locality was at Winslow, at the north end of the
tunnel at the top of the Boston Mountains. The first day I collected
on both sides of the valley and gathered a considerable number, in-
cluding perhaps fifteen Polygyra edentata, but by a misunderstand-
ing they were all thrown in the fire. The next day I went over
almost the same ground and got the following :
East side. West side.
Polygyra perspective!, 1 15
P. labrosa, 40 77
P. dorfmillana sampsoni, 5 15
P. edentata, 8 5
P. jacksoni, 15 90
P. neglecta, 20
P. albolabris alleni, 4
P. thyroides, 5
Omphalina fuliginosa oznrkensis, 5
THK NAUTILUS. 41
The alleni were 24 and 25 mm. in diam., and the larger one of
the thyroides 20 mm., the others 18 mm. and of less than five whorls.
It will be noticed that no inflecta were found here.
III. The third locality was two miles north of Brentwood, the
first station north of Winslow, at a place on the railroad called by
the country people " acorn cut," from the fossil pentremites found
there. In the woods near the railroad I got :
P. albolabris alleni, 1 specimen ; P. thyroides, 2 ; P. clausa, 3 ; P.
appressa, 4 ; P. neglecta, 2 ; P. edentata, 6 ; P. labrosa, 4 ; P. per-
spectiva, 5.
These were all found close to the valley, while at Winslow they
were found only high up on the mountain.
Columbia, Missouri.
NEW JAPANESE SCALARIIDAE.
BY HENRY A. PILbBRY.
(Concluded.}
Scala kamakurana, n. sp.
Related to S. turricula Sowerby. The shell is imperforate, pure
white. The spire is straightly conic. First three whorls form a
smooth, embryonic shell. Following whorls sculptured with ribs
and spiral striae are well rounded, with deep sutures. The spirals
are cord-like, about as wide as their intervals; on the penultimate
whorl there are eight. They are wanting on the upper third of each
whorl, which is almost smooth. About twelve spiral cords can be
counted on the last whorl. The vertical ribs are mostly rather nar-
row and delicate, slightly recurved, but there are from one to three
stronger ribs on each of the last two whorls. Each rib has an angle
or a short point above quite near the suture. There are fifteen ribs
on the last whorl of a shell 9 mm. long, and seventeen on a slightly
larger shell 9.8 mm. long. The ribs are for the most part connected
or continuous from whorl to whorl, but in some places they do not
connect. Aperture short-oval ; columellar margin of the peristome
wider than the varix of the outer lip. Length 9, diam. 3.8 mm.;
whorls 9.
Kamakura, Sagami. Types No. 70740, A. N. S. P., collected by
F. Stearns.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
Shorter and broader than the following species, with the shoulder-
angles of the ribs nearer the suture.
Scala sagamiensis, n. sp.
This species is closely related to S. kamakurana, from which it
differs in the following respects : The shell is more slender, sutures
deeper. The spiral cords are somewhat stronger, eight or nine on
the penultimate, thirteen on the last whorl, the intervals below the
suture and above the spirals being smooth. Ribs rather narrow and
delicate, with occasional higher ones interposed at irregular intervals.
The smaller ribs are either unarmed or but weakly angular above,
but the larger ones have distinct points above, further from the suture
than in S. kamakurana. There are fifteen ribs on the last whorl.
The aperture is very shortly-oval. Peristome continuous, the outer
varix bearing a point above; columellar margin dilated at the base;
parietal callus spreading forward.
Length 11, diam. 4 mm.; whorls remaining 8, the first one
smooth, the apical whorls wanting.
Kamakura, Sagami. Type No. 104696, A. N. S. P., collected by
F. Stearns.
NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIDAE I
BY PROFESSOR CARLOS DE LA TORRE.
The species described below were collected by the writer in the
northeastern angle of Santa Clara Province, from Remedies to the
Camaguay boundary, chiefly in the Sierras near the northern coast,
which maj be reached from the towns of Remedies, Yaguajay and
Mayajigua.
Being Gonyylostomse, the species are of the west Cuban type, but
they have a particular facies of their own. The prevalence of forms
belonging to the section Esochara is an interesting feature of this
fauna.
Illustrations of all the following species will accompany the con-
cluding paper.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) VILLARENSIS, n. sp.
Shell rimate, swollen-cylindric, the upper third tapering to a nar-
TIIK NAUTILUS. 43
row truncation ; rather thin ; streaked with white on a pale brown
ground. Surface silky, closely subarcuate-striate ; suture simple.
Whorls 8-9 scarcely convex, the last shortly free in front with a
cord-like keel around the base. Aperture slightly oblique, subcir-
cular, slightly narrowed laterally, light brown within ; columellar
fold visible deep within ; peristome nearly white, expanded and re-
flexed throughout, but narrow in the peripheral region. Axis en-
circled by two subequal compressed lamellae, the lower denticulate in
the upper whorls, and both rapidly enlarged in the antepenult and
penultimate whorls, smaller in last whorl.
Long. 22, diam. 6.2, apert. 5 mm. Whorls 9.
Long. 19, dinua. 6, apert. 4.8 mm. Whorls 8.
Long. 20, diam. 6, apert. 5. Whorls 8.5.
Central Cuba ; El Purio, near Calabazar de Sagua and El Capiro,
near Santa Clara, Province of Santa Clara. A locality also called
" Las Villas."
This species obviously belongs to the Subgenus Gongylostoma. It
approaches U. obliqua but differs by its larger size, simple suture and
by the wider lamella? of the axis, etc.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) PROTEUS, n. sp.
Shell rimate, cylindric, somewhat swollen, the upper tlrrd taper-
ing to a rather narrow truncation ; thin ; brown, marbled with white
flames ; surface obliquely rib-striate ; suture sub-crenulate. Whorls
9-11, a little convex, the last purplish, shortly free in front, with an
obsolete basal keel. Aperture slightly oblique, subcircular, brown
within ; peristome, columella and upper wall white ; peristome ex-
panded and reflexed. Axis encircled by three compressed lamellae,
the lowest denticulate above the middle, moderately expanded in the
three last whorls, the others disappearing in the penultimate whorl.
Long. 22, diam. 6, aperture 4.2 mm. Whorls 11.
Long. 17, diam. 5.2, aperture 3.2 mm. Whorls 9-
Long. 20, diam. 6, aperture 4 mm. Whorls 10.
Central Cuba, Sierra de Bamburanao near Seibabo de Yaguajay
in the Province of Santa Clara.
Similar to U. villarensis but its whorls are more convex with rib-
lets separated by wide intervals, suture subcrenulate and the axis en-
circled by three instead of two compressed lamellae.
44 THK NAUTILUS.
U. PROTEUS CASTANEA, II. var.
Differs from the type in being of uniform brown, with last whorl
purplish. The suture is more distinctly crenulate.
Long. 18, diam. 5.5. ap. 3.3 mm. Whorls 9.
Long. 15, diam. 4.8, ap. 3.2 mm. Whorls 8.5.
Long. 16, diam. 5, ap. 3.3 mm. Whorls 9.
Central Cuba ; Colonia Santa Cruz between Seibabo and Yaguajay
in the province of Santa Clara.
Differs from U. rernediensis by the somewhat swollen shell, rapidly
tapering to a broader truncation, more solid, and chestnut-colored
without whitish spots; rib striate and more crenulate, etc. The axial
lamellae are also somewhat differently disposed.
U. PROTEUS ROBUSTAXIS, n. var.
Shell smaller, cylindric, somewhat swollen, rapidly tapering to a
very narrow truncation ; somewhat solid; pale chestnut with obsolete
whitish clouds; oblique, regularly rib striate; suture not crenulate.
Whorls 9-10.5, a little convex, the last one more free. Aperture as
in U. proteus, typical. Axis tri-lamellate, rather strong and stout in
the last whorls.
Differs from the variety castanea by its simple suture, more pro-
jecting last whorl, stouter axis, and by its color pattern of a few
white and chestnut spots on pale brown ground. The last whorl is
purple, as in the type.
Long. 18, diam. 4.8, ap. 3.8 mm. Whorls 10.5.
Long. 17, diam. 5, ap. 4 mm. Whorls 9.
Long. 17, diam. 4.7, ap. 3.5 mm. Whorls 10.
Central Cuba; Sierra de Santa Rosa between Remedies and Sei-
babo de Yaguajay in the province of Santa Clara.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) REMEDIENSIS, n. sp.
Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper third (or half) tapering to the
truncation ; thin ; brown with opaque whitish flames. Surface
obliquely weakly striate ; suture slightly crenulate. Whorls 8-10, a
little convex, the last purplish, shortly free in front with a cord-like
keel around the base. Aperture slightly oblique, ovate rounded ;
dark brown within, but the peristome, columella and upper wall
nearly white. Peristome expanded and reflexed throughout. Axis
encircled by three compressed lamellae, the lower denticulate in the
upper and median whorls.
THE NAUTILUS. 45
Long. 16, diam. 4, aper. 3.3 mm. Whorls 9.5.
Long. 14, diam. 3.2, aper. 3 mm. Whorls 8.
Long. 15, diam. 4, aper. 3.2 mm. Whorls 9.
Var. a. Somewhat larger and swollen. Whorls 9-11.
Long. 20, diam. 5.2, aper. 4 mm. Whorls 11.
Var. b. Chestnut-brown, spotted with white above sutures.
Long. 18, diam. 5, aper. 3.6 mm. Whorls 10.
Central Cuba ; Near Remedies ; var. " a " from El Palenque de
Jaguayabon and Cerro de Guajabana; var. " b " from near Jaguaya-
bon, all in the Province of Santa Clara.
The, complete shell has 17 to 18 whorls with a total length of 20
to 22 mm. The rejected or broken-off portion of the spire is atten-
uate, delicately striate and with a smooth translucent and bulbous tip.
UROCOPTIS (GONGTLOSTOMA) MAYAJIGUENSIS, n. sp.
Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper half tapering to a narrow trun-
cation ; thin; reddish chestnut profusely marbled with white, some-
times in zigzag pattern. Surface densely, obliquely striate; slightly
angulate along the suture. Whorls 10 to 11, slightly convex, the
last shortly free in front, with a basal, cord-like keel. Aperture
slightly oblique, rounded ovate, brown inside; peristome pale brown,
expanded and reflexed. Axis encircled by two compressed lamellae,
the lower being larger in the later and slightly denticulate in the
upper whorls.
Long. 23, diam. 5.2, apert. 4.2 mm. Whorls 12.
Long. 19, diam. 4.8, apert. 3.6 mm. Whorls 10.5.
Long. 20, diam. 5, apert. 4 mm. Whorls 11.
Var. " a." Smaller, more swollen, whorls almost flat.
Long. 18, diam. 5.2, apert. 4.2. Whorls 9.
Central Cuba ; Las Llanadas, Sierra de Matahambre ; var. " a "
from Veredas de Aguada y del Alunado, in the district of Mayajigua,
province of Santa Clara.
Differs from U. villarensis by its more slender and tapering spire,
brown color, suture, number of whorls, etc., and from U. remediensis
by its bi-lamellate internal axis, etc.
The opaque white pattern is confined to the striae, the intervals
bein smooth.
U. MAYAJIGUENSIS FULVA, 11.
Shell smaller, cylindric, more solid; light brown with a golden
46 THE NAUTILUS.
gleam ; striation coarser. Whorls 9 to 10, somewhat convex. Axis
encircled by two compressed lamellae, the lower more expanded than
in the type.
Length 17, diam. 4.8, aperture, 3.5. Whorls 10.
Length 16, diam. 4, aperture 3.2. Whorls 9.
Length 16, diam. 4.5, aperture 3.5. Whorls 9.
Central Cuba ; Coqueron del Jatibonico at the boundary between
the Provinces of Santa Clara and Camaguay.
Some specimens show faint traces of white maculations.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) CIONISCUS, n. sp.
Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper fourth tapering to a rather wide
truncation ; somewhat solid ; ashen with occasional brown streaks ;
sculptured with narrow oblique riblets separated by much wider in-
tervals ; suture simple. Whorls 9 to 11, somewhat convex, the last
shortly free with an obsolete cord-like keel around the base. Aper-
ture sub-circular, pale brown within, the peristome shining white,
expanded and reflexed ; columella with a distinct fold deep within.
Axis bearing two lamellae, the lower one somewhat the larger,
denticulate above the middle and extending to the last whorl, the
upper disappearing in the penultimate whorl.
Long. 26, diam. 5, apert. 5.2. Whorls 11.
Long. 24, diam. 5.2, apert. 5.3. Whorls 9.
Long. 25, diam. 5.2, apert. 5.3. Whorls 10.5.
Central Cuba ; Cueva del Muerto, Sierra de Meneses in the dis-
trict of Yaguajay, Province of Santa Clara.
Differs from U. viynalensis by its more cylindric and less tapering
shell, the brown streaks, absence of granules along the sutures, and
the axis encircled by two (not three) compressed and wider lamella?.
(Described from dead specimens).
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) TRANSITORIA, n. sp.
Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper half or third tapering to a nar-
row truncation ; thin ; corneous-brown, with occasional stripes of a
deeper brown irregularly spread. Surface lusterless, sculptured with
narrow riblets separated by wider intervals. Whorls 9.5 to 11, a
little convex, the last slightly darker and free in front, rounded
below with an obsolete cord around the base. Aperture sub-circular,
a little narrower above, brown within ; columella, upper wall and
THE NAUTILUS. 47
upper half of peristome white. Peristorne well expanded and re-
flexed. Axis encircled by three lamellae, the lowest denticulate
above the penultimate whorl, moderately enlarged in the middle and
extending to the last whorl. The upper lamella, compressed at
first, becomes cord-like and disappears in the penultimate whorl ; the
intermediate lamella smallest and thread-like above.
Long. 24, diam. 5.8, apert. diam. 5.2 mm. Whorls 11.
Long. 20, diam. 5, apert. diam. 4.6 mm. Whorls 9.5.
Long. 22, diam. 5, apert. diam. 5 mm. Whorls 10.5.
Central Cuba; Sierra de Matahambre at Las Llanadas, in the
district of Mayajigua, province of Santa Clara.
This species is intermediate between U. cioniscus and U. fallax,
but is easily distinguished by its shape, color, and chiefly by the
columellar axis.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) FALLAX, n. sp.
Shell rimate, cylindric, the upper third tapering to a rather wide
truncation ; thin ; dull yellowish with occasional irregularly spaced
brown streaks. Surface lusterless, sculptured with narrow arcuate
riblets separated by much wider intervals. Whorls 9—11, convex,
the last purplish brown, shortly free in front, rounded below, with an
almost obsolete cord around the base. Aperture nearly round,
brown within ; peristome, upper wall and columella white. Peris-
tome broadly expanded and reflexed. Axis stout and encircled by
three sub-equal compressed lamellae, the lowest largest in penulti-
mate whorl and smallest in the upper whorls where the upper
lamellae dominate ; lower lamella denticulate above.
Long. 25, diam. 6.2, apert. diam. 6. Whorls 11.
Long. 20, diam. 6, apert. diam. 5.6. Whorls 9.
Long. 23, diam. 6, apert. diam. 6. Whorls 10.5.
Central Cuba; Vereda de el Alunado, through the Sierra de
Jatibonico in the district of Mayajigua, Prov. of Santa Clara.
Superficially resembling U. intermedia but differing chiefly in its
more widely spaced riblets and in its axial structure. From U-
transitoria it differs by its stouter form, sculpture and columellar
axis.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) DILATATA, n. sp.
Shell rimate, cylindric, slightly swollen, the upper third tapering
48 THE NAUTILUS.
to the truncation ; thin ; grayish white, becoming slightly purplish
brown on the last whorl. Surface lusterless, sculptured with narrow
oblique riblets separated by much wider spaces ; whorls 8-9, some-
what convex, the last rounded below with an obsolete cord around
the base, very shortly free in front. Aperture large, subcircular or
somewhat transversely oblong, a trifle brownish within, the peristome
shining white, broadly expanded and reflexed ; columella with a dis-
tinct fold. Axis encircled by two principal compressed lamellae, the
lower one largest, denticulate above the middle and extending to the
last whorl, the upper disappearing to the penultimate whorl ; in the
median whorls a cord is sometimes interposed, particularly in the
ante-penultimate whorl.
Long. 23, diam. 7, aperture diam. 7. Whorls 9.
Long. 20, diam. 6.5, aperture diam. 5.8. Whorls 8.
Long. 22, diam. 6.8, aperture diam. 6. Whorls 8.
Central Cuba ; Sierra de Boqueron del Jatibonico at the boundary
between Santa Clara and Camaguay Provinces.
The complete shell contains 16-18 whorls with a total length of
24— 24 mm. The rejected portion is rib-striate with smooth and
somewhat bulbous lip. Differs from JJ. fallax by its color, more en-
larged aperture and by the columellar axis.
( To be continued. )
NOTES.
NEW COLOR VARIETIES OF HELIX (DENTELLA.RIA) BADIA
Fer There, is in my collection a series of Helix badia Fer.,
habitat unknown, which exhibit considerable variation from the type
in their coloring. To call attention to their character I may be
justified in giving names to these extreme forms.
As Dr. Pilsbry points out in the Manual (Vol. V, p. 86) the type
of badia is " uniform dark chestnut colored." Between the typical
form and the variety I first describe is a transition stage which is
represented by an example before me.
Var. roseolabrum, n. var. Differs from the typ^; in being much
lighter in color and having a rose-colored peristome. Type in my
own collection.
Var. unicolor, n. var. Distinguished by the light-colored shell
and pure white peristome and teeth. In the example before me the
umbilicus is not completely covered. Type in my own collection.
This form should not be confused with Pilsbry's var. guadeloupensis.
The latter is chestnut-colored and carinated at the periphery.
MAXWELL SMITH.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXV. SEPTEMBER, 1911. No. 5
AN INCIDENT IN CUBAN COLLECTING.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.
In the course of a number of collecting trips to the Antilles for
land shells I recall various instances of possibly more than average
interest to those who know the delights of a field naturalist. When-
ever some particular out-of-the-way locality was visited, often there
would be some one species sought and desired above all others, gen-
erally a species of very local distribution, and which on account of
rarity or beauty inspired us to greater efforts to find. So was it in
the case of that splendid big and lusty Pleurodonte gigantea at La
Ferriere in Haiti, and of PL cognata in a little valley in extreme
western Jamaica. Cuba is full of such preferred and desirable game,
but probably the special hunt for Urocoptis elliotti and its near ally,
U. dautzenbergiana, proved to be the most strenuous of all similar
experiences.
Mr. Charles T. Simpson was with me at the time in Havana, and
we were planning for a dash somewhere into the interior when our
excellent friend, Dr. Carlos de la Torre, a perfect encyclopedia of
Cuban mollusks, suggested we try for that remarkable pair of Uro-
coptid twins that are reported to live on two mountains near Guane,
and which had eluded all search since they were originally found by
some fortunate collector many years ago. We lost no time in get-
ting to Guane. Besides our special reason for going there, we well
knew the region to be rich in that splendid fauna of the inner range
•of the Sierra de los Organos. There occur the lovely Eutrochatella
50 THE NADTILCS.
regina, the parraiana group of Helices, a host of Urocoptids, fine
operculates and some peculiarly painted Liguus. Doctor Torre
couldn't resist the temptation at the last second, so boarded the train
with us. The doctor is always a most welcome and charming
companion.
We located our mountains, which are in sight from Guane. One
of them is the " Sierra cle Guane," and somewhere upon its steep
and precipitous sides we must look for elliotti ; the other is called
" Sierra de Paso Real de Guane," where presumably lived in security
from prowling naturalists the strange dautzenbergiana.
Now we simply had to have those fellows. We prepared for their
capture with the care and thought that mountain climbers give to
their campaigns against loftier peaks. On horseback and by volanta
we proceeded to the base of the Sierra and began our recognizance,
but without a sign, not a " bone," of elliotti. There were, however,
no end of other things, and the day was made glorious by a catch of
great size and interest. It is a day that fairly shines in memory,
and I have lived it over in retrospect with Simpson many times
since.
The next morning bright and early we made our second attack.
It was apparent that some climbing must be done. Far up on one
side a great white limestone escarpment projects out from the mass
of tropical vegetation covering the mountain, like the forehead of
some great giant of the Sierra. It is perpendicular, forbidding and
dangerous. Buzzards constantly circle about it, and it is likely to
be the nesting-place of millions of fretful wasps ; but just in such
places live some of Cuba's very best molluscan offerings. I felt it
must be attained, so up I " goes," scrambling, slipping, clinging to
trees, crawling along limbs, only stopping row and then to catch a
breath or to pick some appealing Liguus. Up until the blue Carib-
bean glistened on the horizon and the plains of Pinar del Rio lay
stretched out like some huge map. At last the base of the cliff was
attained, but no elliotti as yet. Through narrow crevasses I wrig-
gled on up until finally, quite done for and exhausted, I lay for a
while upon a little projecting rock-shelf to cool off and to speculate
upon the folly of ever leaving a happy home, etc. Then, not sud-
denly, but gradually, I began to take in a remarkable sight. It
required some moments to acquire what the psychologists call the
" presentation " of the sight, but soon my heart began to thump and
THE NAUTILUS. 51
my excitement to grow until I almost feared to trust myself alone
upon such a height. All over the rocks, on the perpendicular cliffs,
and exposed to the glare of a dazzling sun, were myriads of U.
e/liotti, clinging in their peculiar fashion to the surface, all alive and
in finest condition of unbroken spires, and that color tone of health
possessed only by fresh, living shells.
But now arose the problem as to how to gather them. It takes
one hand to hold a box, another to pick specimens from their moor-
ings, and it requires two more to hang on to the wall of smooth rock.
Fortunately there was a breast pocket in my shirt, and with a twig
I could keep it gaping open. Then with my lips I tenderly gathered
them one by one, slowly and cautiously, and spat them into that
happy pocket.
Had any telescope been trained upon me I would only have fur-
nished one further evidence of hopeless mental condition, for indeed
what sane man would spend an hour, or a moment as for that, fondly
kissing a lofty cliff in Pinar del Rio ?
If any reader of the NAUTILUS cares to take a chance on that
telescope down below, and also the risk of a long fall, 1 can assure
him that there are still a hundred thousand fine U. elliotti waiting
for him right there on the Sierre de Guane.
BEMABZS ON UNIO VABICOSTJS, CICATBICOSUS AND UNIO COMPEETTJS,
NEW SPECIES.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
A study of the shells generally known as either Unio cicatricosus
Say or as varicosus Lea has brought to light a singular state of affairs.
The U. cicatricosus was described by Say in manuscript, " together
with about twenty others," in 1826, and published with such others
as he supposed had not yet been described by other authors, in 1829.
Taking, with his very incomplete description, the illuminating re-
marks following, we find that Say's species was a large, thick shell,
•with high beaks, but not so high as in the allied Unio cordatus
(obliquus Lam.), and having a single row of transverse elevations
down the center of the disc, and that it is "a common inhabitant
of the Wabash river" This is applicable to no known Unio except
the aesopus of Green. This conclusion is fortified by the fact that
52 THE NAUTILUS.
Conrad, who shortly after this time had become quite intimate with
Say, so considered it in his " New Fresh-water Shells," published
in 1834. So did Dr. Lea, but the opinion of the latter was dis-
counted by conchologists because of the well-known enmity which
unfortunately had sprung up between Say and Lea. Say himself
placed Lea's Unio varicosus as a synonym of his Unio cicatricosus?
in the short and exceedingly erroneous Synopsis of 1834. This
dictum of Say has been accepted by nearly all conchologists since,
but Say had never seen Lea's species, and his idea no doubt arose
from Lea having compared his varicosus with the aesopus of Green.
Say having shortly afterwards died, this dictum was never corrected
by him.
It is true that Green had in 1827 published his Unio aesopus ; but
Say tells us that he had to fort-go at this time (1829) a design of
compiling a synopsis of the western Uniones, because of the impossi-
bility of procuring books, etc., in his insulated abode, and Dr. Green's
article, which was published in a rather obscure publication, no-
doubt had escaped his notice. At any rate the assignment of the
Wabash as a common habitat of the cicatricosus effectually bars his
shell from being the same as Lea's species, as the varicosus does not
live in that river. Say's name then, being a synonym of aesopus,
cannot be used for Lea's shell. Lea's name, as he tells us himself, had
already been used by Lamarck; consequently his shell has no name.
Turning now to the shells themselves, we find equally as much
confusion. There are no less than four distinct species so called to
be found in our various museums and collections. Lea himself did
not know his own shell very well, since, I am told by Dr. Dall,
specimens of genuine varicosus were labeled by him as subrotundus?
while on the other hand we are informed by Dr. A. E. Ortmann that
a shell labeled cicatricosus, from the Beaver river, Pa., in thp
Academy of Natural Sciences, is in reality only an old Unio subro-
tundus. In the Conchologia Iconica of Reeve we are given twa
plates of this species (figs. 31 and 50) which evidently represent two
different shells. Plates and names, therefore, will be given that
students may recognize the sundry shells which at present go under
the common names under discussion.
UNIO DETECTUS, new name. Plate II, lower, pi. Ill, upper figures.
This is the true varicosus of Lea, whose type shell is not typicat
THE NAUTILUS. 53
of the species (i. e., is not an average specimen). The best figure of
this shell, though itself poor, is that given by Kiister (Taf. 58, fig. 2).
In its general facies the shell somewhat resembles the Unto pyra-
midatus, with the addition of the characteristic elevations. Mr.
Swainson mentioned that he had seen a specimen of mytiloides with
pustules down the center. There can be no doubt that he had a
shell of this species before him. The specimen figured was given
me by Dr. Ball, and came from the collection of the National
Museum. It measures, length 87, alt. 70, diam. 39^ mm.
UNIO CICATRICOIDES, new name. PI. II, upper figure.
This is the shell figured and described by Conrad in his Mono-
graphy (page 115, plate 64), and also by R. E. Call, Indiana Mol-
lusca (Indiana Geological Report, 1900), plate 55, to which descrip-
tion and plate reference is herewith made. Its general facies is
much more like aesopus than detectus, from which latter it differs in
being more inflated (especially behind) and is a larger shell ; its
lateral teeth are much more club-shaped and larger; the posterior
sinus of the hinge margin is nearer the end of the ligament; the
color of the epidermis is also different from that of delectus. Length
93, alt. 69, diam. 55^ mm.
UNIO COMPERTUS, new species. PI. Ill, middle and lower figs.
Shell medium in size; length 2.3, height 2.1, diameter 1.3 inches.
Apparently dimorphic, the females (?) being broader behind than the
males and more rounded, the males (?) being somewhat triangular
and pointed behind, beaks high and well forward (their sculpture not
seen). Epidermis dirty yellow, darker before (as in circulus*).
Basal outline rounded, and in the females expanded in the middle;
shell not very much inflated. The posterior ridge is rounded, and
becomes more and more inflated with age. The posterior area is
narrow, with several more or less well-defined lines from beak to
margin. Down the center of the disc runs a row of pustules, larger
in the females, as well as more numerous. Inside, the nacre is
white, quite thick in front, as far back as the center, or row of pus-
tules, from thence it becomes remarkably thin in comparison, pro-
ducing a trough-like excavation from beak to posterior base. Teeth
erect and fairly stout; two cardinals and two laterals in the left valve
and one each in the right.
54 THE NAUTILUS.
Habitat: Clinch and Holston rivers.
The examples figured had been labeled Unio cicatricosus by Dr.
James Lewis, and his determination had been O. K.'d by Mr. C. T.
Simpson. Shells the same as these have been loaned the writer by
Mr. W. A. Marsh under the same name (i. e., varicosus). Others
of the same species had been given the writer by Mr. Bryant
Walker as being the varicosus of Lea. With their attention called
more carefully to the shell, however, both of these gentlemen now
concur with me as to their novelty. Type in my collection. This
shell is remotely, if at all, related to the other shells above men-
tioned. There is apparently a slight relationship to Unio propinquus
in its general facies, but the species is in reality very distinct.
NOTE — The term Unio is used above in the old broad sense of
denoting a naiad shell having both lateral and cardinal teeth, and
not in the restricted sense now held by our modern conchologists,
and so embraces the various divisions of Quadrula, Pleurobema, Ple-
thobasis, etc., etc., as the future study of the soft parts may incline
the future systematists to place them.
COEKESPONDENCE FROM BRAZIL.
BY FRED. BAKER.
S. S. RHAETIA, HAMBURG-AMERICA LINE,
ON THE Rio NEGRO, 950 MILES FROM THE MOUTH
OF THE AMAZON, July 24, 1911.
Dear Dr. Pilsbry :
This goes in compliance with my promise to report of our progress.
We left Natal, in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, on July 1st for
Pard, after a stay that was comparatively barren of results zoologic-
ally. The reptilian collection is good, but in all other lines the
number of species is small. My collection of marine shells — not-
withstanding several days spent in dredging — is small enough, so that
I feel sure that they are not to be found on this immediate coast, for
reasons that we can only guess at at present. By interesting the
ubiquitous small boy in a couple of interior towns I was able to secure
several thousand land and fresh-water shells of a rather limited num-
ber of species. I feel reasonably sure that I have two new species
THE NAUTILUS, XXV.
PLATE 11.
1. UNIO C1CATRICO1DES FRIERSON.
2. UNIO DETECTUS FRIERSON.
THE NAUTILUS, XXV.
PLA'I I-. Ill
1. UN1O DETECTUS FR1F.RSON.
2, 3. 4. UNIO COMPERTUS FRlERSON.
THE NAUTILUS. 55
of Tomigerus, but the other things, unless it be in Pisidium and
Planorbis, seem likely to prove well known.
On the way up. the coast to Parfl two of us decided that it would
be a shame to visit Brazil and not go up the Amazon, so after seeing
the rest of the party off for New York we got aboard this ship for a
run at least as far up as Manaos, on the Rio Negro, 1004 miles from
the Amazonian mouths. Our experience would be a surprise to
Bates and Wallace, or even to Agassiz. Manaos is the real center
of the great trade in so-called Para rubber, and in these later days
great ships clear direct for this port from New York and various
European countries. So we were able to take passage fora thousand
miles in this transatlantic liner of 6600 tons, furnishing magnificent
accommodations and service, and we are just finishing the run against
the powerful current of the rivers in less than three and a half days.
We shall get in this evening, but shall not be allowed to land till the
morning.
Our further plans are a trifle in the air, but we are going to try
for passes up the Madeira river for some six hundred miles to the
works of the Madeira & Mamore R. R. Co. Here the government
is building some two hundred miles of railroad at enormous expense
around the falls and rapids of the Madeira river to tap another thou-
sand miles of navigable river running into the heart of the rubber
country forming the angle of Bolivia and Peru. The enterprise is
largely in the hands of American and English engineers and physi-
cians, and we are assured of a warm welcome and much help in
collecting if the powers that be decide to send us up.
I believe that no land or fresh-water shells have gone out from
this Madeira country, so that I feel sure of getting material of much
value if I get any. Likewise my companion, the entomologist, knows
of nothing in his line that the country has furnished except some
butterflies, so we are both extremely anxious to get in. If we succeed
we shall have at least a month on the ground for actual collecting.
Meanwhile we have had a most glorious sail up the Amazon till a
couple of hours ago, when we entered the Rio Negro. To avoid the
heavy current the ship has hugged the sides of the river, often within
a hundred feet, giving us a splendid chance to observe animal and
vegetable life at a reasonable range for field-glasses. Animal life has
not been plentiful, but it has been interesting. The harpy eagle,
parrots, toucans, kingfishers, terns and three species of heron have
56 THE NAUTILUS.
been the most striking birds, with many that we could not place at
all. An occasional alligator or crocodile can be seen, but we are
surprised at the scarcity of this beast. During every minute of day-
light there has been something beautiful and interesting to look at,
and the cool nights are as delightful as the days, which are not
excessively warm. We are impressed with the fact that few people
realize that the round trip can be made from New York to Manaos
for $160, with stops of several days at Par£ and Manaos, in really
fine vessels. Otherwise it seems probable that many people would
take the run. The ship's surgeon is a noted German professor, who
takes this method of getting a splendid vacation.
P. S. Manaos, July 25, 1911. Have just landed and got settled.
We learn that we shall be delayed a week waiting the return of the
Madeira & Mamore Co.'s steamer and manager, but we are assured
that we shall be sent up to the Madeira river, as we had hoped, free
of cost for the trip and living expenses while there. Also we are
told that there are land shells about Manaos, so the time will not
hang heavily on our hands.
A NEW VARIETAL FORM OF SCALA PRETIOSA LINN.
BY MAXWELL SMITH.
SCALA PRETIOSA (Linn.), n. var. MULTIVARICIFERA.
This form differs from the type in the broader shell and greater
number of varices. Comparing an average shell with the variety,
the number of varces is as follows:
Typical form. Var. multivaricifera.
Embryonic whorl, Embryonic whorl,
Embryonic whorl (?), Embryonic whorl (?),
Third whorl, 8 varices, Third whorl, 8 varices,
Fourth whorl, 8 varices, Fourth whorl, 8 varices,
Fifth whorl, 8 varices, Fifth whorl, 8 varices,
Sixth whorl, 8 varices, Sixth whorl, 9 varices,
Seventh whorl, 8 varices, Seventh whorl, 11 varices,
Body whorl, 10 varices. Body whorl, 15 varices.
Around a portion of the body and upper whorl of the variety
THE NAUTILUS. 57
before me there is an impressed longitudinal line which interrupts
12 of the varices. When older the animal corrected this irregularity.
This line will probably be found absent in other individuals.
It seems remarkable that so striking a shell as this form has here-
tofore escaped notice. The habitat of the type, which is in the
writer's collection, is supposedly China.
NOTE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARGARITANA MONODONTA SAY-
BY BRYANT WALKER.
In commenting, recently, on the distribution of this species (Proc.
Mai. Soc., IX, pp. 137-139, 1910), I stated that although it had not
been cited from the Ohio east of Cincinnati nor from the tributaries
of the Tennessee above Knoxville, in the absence of any records of
its occurrence west of the Mississippi, south of Iowa, nor in that
river below Adams County, Ills., "the inference would be that its
original point of dispersal was in the east, and that it had migrated
westward by two routes, one down the Ohio and thence into the
Mississippi Valley, and the other down the Tennessee from its tribu-
taries or head-waters. That it reached its present range by a migra-
tion from the southwest is, in view of the known facts of its present
distribution, quite improbable."
Since the above was written some additional data of considerable
interest have been received.
In the fall of 1910, acting under the instructions of the U. S. Fish
Commission, Mr. A. H. Boepple explored the Cumberland River
from Pineville, Ky., to Celina, Tenn. In his progress down the
river he found M. monodonta at the Sloan Shoals near Burnside,
between Eads' Landing and Rowena, and at Cloyd's Landing.
I have also recently received the species from three localities in
the Clinch River, Tenn., viz., near Needham's Ford and between
Kelly and Sharp's Ford, Union County, and between Agee and
Offut, Anderson County.
These records definitely determine the occurrence of the species
in all of the principal rivers that unite to form the Tennessee, ex-
cepting the Powell and the French Broad, and its presence in the
Clinch makes it reasonably certain that it will also be found in the
former. The head-waters of the latter rise in another, quite differ-
58 THE NAUTILUS.
ent region, and it may not be found in it at all, except, perhaps, near
its junction with the Holston.
The presence of the species in the Cumberland offers a possible
explanation for its occurrence in the Ohio below Cincinnati and in
the Wabash. But that, of course, can not be definitely determined
until all of the southern tributaries of the Ohio, which head in the
mountains of West Virginia, have been carefully explored. If the
species should be found in the Big Sandy or the Great Kanawha, for
instance, it would seem likely that it reached the Ohio from that
source, even though, at the present time, it is not found in that river
above Cincinnati.
But, however that may be, these new records tend to confirm the
opinion that the original point of dispersal of the species was in the
head-waters of the Tennessee system and that its present distribu-
tion is " rather the result of an ancient migration from the northeast
than one from the southwest."
LAND MOLLTTSCA AT TOLLAND, COLORADO.
BY T. D. A. COCKEREL!..
On August 23 and 24 my wife and I collected snails at Tolland,
in Gilpin county, Colorado, at an altitude of 8900 to 9000 feet. The
list of species, though short, may be of interest on account of the high
altitude, and the addition of one species to the Colorado list.
Agriolimax campestris montanas (Ingersoll). Variable, some very
dark.
Vitrina alaskana Dall. Abundant.
Euconulus fulvus alaslcemis Pilsbry, abundant.
Vitrea radiatula electrina var. alba (Jeffreys) Taylor. One.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Common under Populus tremuloides.
Punctum pygmxum minutissimum (Lea). My wife found two by
carefully searching over dead leaves from the Populus tremuloides
zone. I believe only one specimen of this species has previously
been found in Colorado. Taylor (Monog. L. & F. W. Moll. Brit Is.)
cites Willow Creek and Cloudcroft, but the latter locality is in New
Mexico.
Sphyradium edentulum alticola (Ingersoll) The adult is over
THE NAUTILUS. 59
2^ mm. long, and is to be compared with the European variety
columella (Von Mart.) or gredleri (Clessin).
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. Abundant.
Pyramid/via cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. Not uncommon.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller). One.
Pupilla muscorum (L.). Several of the typical edentate form.
Pupilla blandi Morse. Common.
Pupilla syngenes dextroversa P. & V. New to Colorado. One
shell, 4 mm. long, nearly 2 broad; whorls 7£, the upper ones not
swollen as in typical P. syngenes.
Vertigo modesta parietalis (Ancey). Common. Rather small for
parietalis, but over 2 mm. long; palatal plicae long, as in concinnula;
shell clear chestnut ; aperture strongly elbowed above. This is
apparently a distinct race, between parietalis and concinnula, but
hardly recognizable by a separate name. Ancey's name, ingertolli,
certainly included such forms as this, and could be so restricted
without much risk of error.
NOTES.
NOTE ON EPIPHRAGMOPHORA INFUMATA GLD. — In Mr. Edson's
interesting paper on the Land Mollusca of San Mateo Point, Cali-
fornia (on the western shore of San Francisco Bay), in the June
NAUTILUS (Vol. xxv, p. 17), occurs a statement as to the habitat of
E. infumata Gld. which needs correction. While he states the
southern limit of this form as Santa Rosa, which is about 50 miles
north of San Francisco, I have collected it for many years on the
eastern side of San Francisco Bay, in Alameda county. In his
Manual of American Land Shells (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., No. 28),
Mr. Binney also mentions the Bay region and Alameda county as
its home as far back as the year 1885. The shells found here are
the extreme form of this species (or var. of E.jidelisl}, being black,
highly carinate, heavily hirsute, and bearing the scales mentioned
by Dr. Gould in his description well marked, as distinguished from
the specimens from Marin county and further north.
As to the typical E. fidelis, collected at San Mateo Point by Mr.
Gifford, it seems clear that they were chance specimens or exotic.
I might hazard an opinion that this form became introduced through
the oyster traffic in which, years ago, the native Washington bivalve
60 THE NAUTILUS.
was brought to our Bay in large quantities, or it may have been
planted there FRED L. BUTTON, Oakland, Cal., July 20, 1911.
EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS — I note in the NAUTILUS for June,
1911, that Mr. Harry Edson regards my record of Epiphragmophora
Jidelis from San Mateo Point, California, as erroneous. I would
state that the specimens were E. Jidelis without the slightest doubt
Furthermore, I again collected living specimens in the same locality
on August 14, 1910 — E. W. GIFFORD.
LYMN.EA AURICULARIA LINNE IN CANADA. — On July 23, 1911,
I found Lymnsea auricularia Linne inhabiting a chain of pools on
the beach of Lake Erie at Kingsville, Ontario, about opposite San-
dusky. Young individuals were fairly numerous, but the only ma-
ture shell seen was a dead one — JOHN A. ALLEN.
LOCALITY FOR POLYGYRA (TRIODOPSIS) OBSTRICTA SAY. —
Beyond Murphreesboro (Tennessee) there is a road turning square
to the right from the main pike. About half or three-quarters of a
mile out, on the right-hand side of the road, is the only good locality
I ever found for obstricta. There they were typical, large, fine
shells. They were found about dead logs and old stumps. — A. G.
WETHERBY, in letter, about 1898.
LIMAX MAXIMUS ON NANTUCKET ISLAND. — When recently at
the town of Nantucket, Mass., I found Limax maximus well estab-
lished. There were two varietal forms: (1) Mantle spotted, the
spots partly confluent; body marbled and with four gray-brown
bands, the two inner with blackish spots. (2) Mantle marbled ;
body gray with three light bands, the inner rather dark edged. I
also found Agriolimax agrestis at Nantucket; likewise on Cutty-
hunk, where it was the only terrestrial species I could find.
I take this opportunity to note that Helix hortensis var. bicolor
Ckll., 1891 (shell pink with upper part of spire yellow), is preoccu-
pied by var. bicolor Picard, 1840. My variety may be named
dichroa. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.
DR. ARNOLD ORTMANN has recently returned from a successful
campaign for Unionidse in West Virginia.
PROFESSOR JOSIAH KEEP
THE NAUTILUS
Vou XXV. OCTOBER, 1911. No. 6
PROFESSOR JOSIAH KEEP.'
BY WM. II. PALL.
Professor Keep, whose death, July 27th last, at Pacific Grove,
California, was recently announced, was born in Paxton, Mass., in
1849, and was a graduate of Leicester Academy and Amherst Col-
lege (1874), taking his Master's degree as a postgraduate student in
1877. In that year he married Amelia Caroline Holman, of Lei-
cester, Mass., and went to California. There he taught in the
Golden Gate Academy and the Alamcda High School, being princi-
pal of the latter from 1881 to 1885. In 1885 he became Professor
of the Natural Sciences in Mills College, which, from small begin-
nings as a private seminary for girls, has through the efforts and
generosity of its founders developed into a well-equipped and charm-
ingly situated college, the Wellesley of the Pacific Coast.
Here Professor Keep found his life-work as teacher and coadjutor
with the still surviving founder, Mrs. Mills, and saw the branches of
science originally confided to him alone, by degrees represented in
the teaching force by a number of competent instructors, while he
retained for himself the subjects of geology and astronomy.
With the wide general knowledge required by his field of work, it
was of course impossible for him to be a specialist in any, but his
deep interest had been aroused in the study of the mollusca in which
the Pacific Coast is so rich. Between 1881 and 1911 he published
a series of what might be called primers of west-coast shells, illus-
trated with figures, enabling the beginner to gain a preliminary
1 From Science, October, 1911.
62 THE NAUTILUS.
knowledge of the attractive shells of California. To these little
books we may fairly ascribe much of the wide-spread interest which
is to-day found among Californians and which by the cooperation of
amateurs with specialists, has immensely increased our knowledge of
the Pacific Coast fauna.
The last of these manuals was published only shortly before his
death. Professor Keep was one of the founders of the Chautauqua
Assembly which meets at Pacific Grove, and frequently lectured to
its classes on his favorite subject. He was also one of the most
earnest supporters of the Museum and Library at Pacific Grove.
Modest, courteous, indefatigable and enthusiastic, he was primarily
a teacher and organizer ; beloved by his classes and appreciated by
those reached through his books and so led to the study of nature.
In his unassuming way he has done a good work and found his re-
ward in doing it. He leaves a widow, son and daughter to mourn
his loss.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE LOCOMOTIVE DISK OF STYLOMMATOPHOKA.
BY V. STERKI.1
During the last years some additional observations on this subject
were made. Nearly all of the species mentioned in the former
article have been seen again and the data were verified, and some
others were examined. To repeat, there are marked differences in
this respect, between species, genera and groups apparently or really
closely related, especially among the Zonitidse, and these features
have probably much significance in classification, in connection with
the formation of the lateral (marginal) longitudinal groove or grooves,
on the upper surface of the foot (pedal grooves), and possibly the
presence or absence of the caudal mucus gland, as pointed out, e. y.,
by Dr. Pilsbry.2 More observations and morphological and ana-
tomical examination are needed on the subject.
Zonitidce.
Omphalina fuliginosa (Griff.). The median zone was seen (or
1 See article in THE NAUTILUS, XXII, p. 49, 1908.
2 In the generic position of Patulastra * '* * with suggestions of a classifi-
cation of the American Zonifidse, THE NAUTILUS, IX, p. 19.
THE NAUTILUS. 63
appeared) to extend to the very posterior end of the sole, and each
wave starts there.
0. inornata (Say). Foot very long and slender; zones rather
distinct, narrow, but widening to nearly the whole width of the sole
at the anterior end. Apparently there is au additional marginal
zone along each margin, quite narrow and whitish. Waves distinct
in the median zone, about 10 simultaneously.
0. lavlgata perlcevis (Pils.) (from Ky.). Three zones slightly
marked, not in color, which is grayish with a slight olive tinge.
Waves plainly visible, about 8.
Vitrea [= = Hyalina\ wheatleyi (Bid.). Sole very narrow ; zones
rather distinct, even with slight furrows marking them when the sole
is detached ; the median about the width of the marginals, in the
middle, wider near the anterior end. Waves distinct in the anterior
two-thirds (as in radiatuld).
V. draparnaldi (Beck). Sole narrow ; three zones distinct, the
median slightly wider than the marginals, very narrow posteriorly,
and not reaching the posterior end. Here also, when the sole is de-
tached from the substratum, there are two rather deep sulci between
the zones. Waves distinct, 8-10, in rapid succession ; anterior end
of the foot progressing with a slight jerk as each wave reaches it.
Margin of the foot above marked off by two longitudinal furrows (on
each side).
Gastrodonta intertexta (Binn.). No zones marked, not a trace of
waves, just as in G. ligera. The margin of the foot above, outside
of the longitudinal furrow, is rather broad and of a more yellowish
tinge than the balance of the dorsum.
G. suppressa var.? l No zones, and no waves seen, even in direct
sunlight, transmitted.
Euconulus chersinus (Say). No waves seen ; no zones on the sur-
face ; zones slightly marked internally in transmitted light (as it
would be in all snails).
Limacidce.
Limax maximtts L. Sole with three zones rather sharply defined,
the median rather narrower than the marginals. Waves very dis-
tinct, about 20 in large specimens, from very near the tail end, each
father large, with higher spire; a heavy deposit (callus) in the last vrhorl
near the aperture, but no lamella? ; may be distinct.
64 THE NAUTILUS.
wave (= muscle contraction) much shorter than the interval (in
space).
Agriolimax agrestis (L.).1 Three zones distinct, the median,
rather narrow, does not reach the anterior end, so the marginal is
continuous all around. Waves distinct, about 16 (in specimens
35 mm. long) in rapid succession.
Arionidce.
Arion rubellus |St.s A slightly and not sharply marked median
zone, wider towards the anterior end, somewhat hyaline, that is :
with few or none of the yellowish opaque (glandular?) granules dis-
seminated in the rest of the sole. Waves visible, but not distinctly,
more remote from the surface of the sole than in Polygyra and
Limax, and more remote from each other than in Agriolimax agrestis,
and proceeding slower.
Pldlonaycidiz.
Philomycus dorsalis (Binn.). No well marked zones, and no
waves seen.
Helicida — Polygyrina.
Some additional PoJygyrce examined show essentially the same
features as those noted before ; all with distinct zones and waves.
P. albolabris (Say). Foot and sole light-colored, not drab, and
color in the three zones little different ; waves about 12.
P. multilineata (Say). Sole drab-colored ; waves 9-10.
P. appressa (Say). Sole long and narrow; waves 10-11, com-
paratively numerous for the size of the snail.
P. stenotrema (Fer.). Waves about 7.
P. hirsuta (Say). Median zone grayish, marginal dull, pale red-
dish to purplish, with strongly marked transverse lines. Waves
about 7.
Pupidtz.
Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Foot very short ; zones not evident on
the sole ; waves distinct, about 3, extending over nearly the whole
width of the sole.
1 From one place (in Lake Co., Ohio) several dozen were collected, showing
extremes of color: from whitish without any dark mottlings to almost entirely
black ; some of a tan to brownish tint.
2 From a nursery in Lake Co., Ohio. Appears to be distinct from hortensis ;
described about 1682 ; European.
THE NAUTILUS. 65
THE NOMENCLATURE OF HARPA.
BY CHARLES HEDLKY.
Australian Museum, Sydney, N. S. Wales.
Application of the law of priority to the genus Harpa is attended
with the usual wreckage of familiar names. Not having observed
any recent adjustment of this nomenclature, I offer the following
notes :
The generic name of Harpa, as Dr. W. H. Dall has pointed out
(Journ. of Conch., XI, 1906, p. 296), should be ascribed to Bolten
(Mus. Bolt. [2], 1798, p. 149), not as in Fisher's Manual, to
Rumphius, who was prenomial, or to Lamarck, who was a year later.
According to Hanley's examination of Linnean types (Ipsa Linn.
Conch., 1855, p. 251), Harpa nobilis Lamarck, usurps the place of
Buccinum harpa Linn., which should become Harpa harpa Linn.
Yet most writers followed Lamarck in reducing Buccinum harpa to
the synonymy of Harpa ventricosa Lamarck.
Hanley continues to show that by Buccinum costatum Linn, is
meant Harpa imperialis Lamarck. Deshayes (An. s. vert., X,
1844, p. 129, footnote) had already censured Lamarck for his super-
fluous name, and recommended the restoration of Harpa costata
Linn.
Bolten was the first to separate binomially the species that Linn£
had confused. For one of these, illustrated by Martini, figure
1090, he proposed (op. cit., p. 149) the name Harpa major.
Lamarck later included the same figure of Martini in the synonymy
of the species he proposed to call Harpa ventricosa.
Similarly for the species illustrated in the Conchylien Cabinet by
fig. 1092, Bolten proposed Harpa davidis, and for the same Lamarck
subsequently introduced Harpa articularis.
Again, to the shell shown by Martini in fig. 1094, Bolten gave
the name of Harpa doris, for which Lamarck afterwards substituted
Harpa rosea.
Finally, Bolten gave the name of Harpa amouretta to a species
illustrated by his predecessors, figure 1097. This later served to
express the Harpa minor of Lamarck.
Suter (Deutsch. Malak. Ges. Jahrbuch, IV, 1877, p. 129),
divided the genus into sixteen recent species. These Tryon re-
66 THE NAUTILUS.
duced to nine (Man. Conch., V, 1883, p. 97). Adding a distinct
Australian species to the latter estimate, the genus will stand thus
(synonyms in italics).
HARPA Bolten, 1798 = = Harpa Lamarck, 1799.
H. harpa Linne, 1758 = H. nobilis Lam., 1822.
H. costata Linne, 1758 = H. imperialis Lam., 1822.
H. major Bolten, 1798 = H. ventricosa Lam., 1822.
ir_ftQ ( H. articularis Lam., 1822.
H. davidis Bolten, 1798 =
( H. conoidahs Lam., 1822.
H. doris Bolten, 1788 = = H. rosea Lam., 1822.
H. amouretta Bolten, 1798 = E. minor Lam., 1822.
H. cancellata Bolten, 1798 = = H. striata Lam.,
H. crenata Swainson, 1822.
H. gracilis Broderip. and Sowerby, 1829.
H. punctata Verco, 1896.
MOLLUSKS OF WELLESLEY ISLAND AND VICINITY, ST. LAWKENCE
RIVER.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Several years ago the writer spent two weeks at Thousand Island
Park, and a collection of the mollusks of the nearby region was made.
Local lists from this part of New York State are lacking, and the
following catalogue may be of interest for this reason. The locali-
ties where collections were made are as follows, all being in Jeffer-
son County, N. Y.:
1. Goose Island, near Wellesley Island.
2. South Bay, Wellesley Island.
3. Blind Bay, New York shore.
4. Watson's Point, Wellesley Island.
5. Thousand Island Park, Wellesley Island.
6. Lake Waterloo, AVellesley Island.
The Thousand Islands lie in the head of the St. Lawrence at
the outlet of Lake Ontario. Wellesley Island is one of the large
islands. It is high and rocky, the rocks being granitic. It is well
wooded over a rolling surface, with here and there a pond or swamp.
i'HE NAUTILUS.- 67
PELECYPODA.
Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes), Station 2, rare.
Lampsilis radiuta (Dillwyn). Stations 1, 2, common.
Anodonta margintita (Say). Station 2, common.
Um'o nasutus (Say). Stations 1, 2, common.
Unio complanatus (Solander). Stations 1, 2, common.
GASTROPODA.
Campeloma decisum (Say). Station 6, rare.
Canipeloma inteymm obesum (Lewis). Stations 2, 3, rare.
Valvata lewisii (Currier). Station 2, rare.
Bythinia tentactilafa (Linn.), Station 5, common.
Goniobasis livescens (Menke). Stations 2, 6, common.
Physa yyrina (Say). Station 5, common.
Planorbis trivolvis (Say). Stations 2, 4, 6, common.
Planorbis binneyi (Tryon). Station 2, common.
Planorbis bicarinatus (Say). Station 2, common.
Planorbis campanulatus (Say). Stations 2, 4, G, common.
Planorbis parvus (Say). Station 5, rare.
Planorbis hirsutus (Gould). Station 5, common.
Segmentina armigera (Say). Stations 2, 6, common.
Lymnsea stagnalis appressa (Say). Stations 2, 3, common.
Galba palustris (Mu'ller). Stations 2, 5, 6, common.
Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Station 4, not common.
Bifidaria contracta (vSay). Station 5, common.
Succinea ovalis (Say). Station 5, common.
Succinea retusa (Lea). Stations 4, 5, common.
Polygyra tridentota (Say). Station 5, common.
Polygyra albolabris (Say). Station 5, common.
Polygyra fraterna (Say). Stations 4, 5, common.
Circinaria concava (Say). Station 4, not common.
Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Stations 4, 5, common.
Vitrea indentata (Say). Station 5, common.
Eucomdus fulvus (Mull). Station 4, rare.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Stations 4, 5, common.
Ayriolimax campestris (Binney). Station 5, common.
Phihinycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Station 5, rare.
Pyramidnla alternata (Say). Stations 4, 5, common.
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Station 4, common.
68 THE NAUTILCS.
EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALIFORNIENSIS, AND THE SHELLS COMMONLY
CALLED VARIETIES THEREOF.
BY UENRY M. EDSON.
My attention was first attracted to the complexity of the nomen-
clature of this group two years ago, while trying to identify a shell
which afterwards proved to be a deformed Epip. nickliniana Lea.
Since then I have made a very careful study of the group, and have
collected over the entire distribution area, and particularly at the
type localities.
Dr. H. A. Pilsbry's1 catalogue of American land shells was the
last work of any scientific value dealing with these species, so I have
taken that as a base from which to work, and will discuss separately
each of the varieties he retained, and afterwards give my conclu-
sions. The following shells were retained in his list :
Epip. californiensis Lea.
Epip. californiensis, var. nickliniana Lea.
Epip. californiensis, var. anachoreta AV. G. B.
Epip. californiensis, var. ramentosa Gld.
Epip. californiensis, var. bridgesi Newc.
Epip. californiensis, var. diabloensis J. G. C.
EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALIFORNIENSIS Lea.
This is a species of the maritime region of the Upper Sonoran
faunal belt, of very limited distribution. It is found most abund-
antly at Point Pinos, Monterey Co., collected sparingly at Point
Cypress and Point Lobos, and at a few intermediate localities cover-
ing a distance of about twenty miles. It is usually found in the loose
sand at the base of plants and small shrubs ; I have counted as many
as one hundred collected around the roots of a purple sea aster. The
young shells are conical with closed umbilicus.
EPIP. CALIFORNIENSIS, var. NICKLINIANA Lea.
This is a subspecies of the wooded zone of the Upper Sonoran belt,
but overlaps into the Humid Transitional. It shows great variation,
which fact was early recognized by Dr. Newcomb." It is widely
1 NAUTILUS, xi, 1897.
2Amer. Jour. Conch., I, p. 342, 1865.
THE NAUTILUS. 69
distributed, extending from north of Santa Rosa, south on both sides
' O
of San Francisco bay to Monterey on the coast, and San Benito Co.
in the interior.
In a shell of so large a distribution it stands to reason that there
will be variation, caused by lack of lime for shell-making in some
cases, and in other cases to lack of moisture. It has been my ex-
perience that the shells collected in wet places were larger, with a
more open umbilicus, than those from the more arid regions.
That nickiiniana Lea is a variety of calif orniensis Lea I can find
no proof. The young of californiensis are high-spired with closed
umbilicus, the shells do not show the reticulated surface to any ex-
tent, and it is strictly a maritime species ; while the young of nickiin-
iana are planulate with an open umbilicus, the shells always show
the reticulated surface, and it inhabits the moister spots in the
wooded zone.
That nickiiniana and ramentosa are identical no one can doubt
who has studied and collected them. I have in my collection a set
of twenty nickiiniana from a small canyon in the foothills back of
Palo Alto, from which it is possible to select as many different forms,
running from a high spire with the lip almost entirely reflected over
the umbilicus to low spire with a widely-open umbilicus. The reticu-
lated surface and the purplish color of the nacre inside the aperture
are present in all of the forms of nickiiniana. In some localities the
color band is obsolete.
E. nickiiniana might be called the typical mollusk of the Upper
Sonoran fauna belt in the central portion of the Coast Range system.
EPIP. CALIFORNIENSIS, Var. ANACHORETA W. G. B.
This was a deformed nickiiniana, and was so recognized by Mr.
Binney1 in later writings.
EPIP. CALIFORNIENSIS, Var. RAMENTOSA Gld.
A small form of nickiiniana from Bolinas, which does not differ
from nickiiniana except in size. I have a set from the same
locality, which run from large to small, with both open and closed
umbilicus.
EPIP. CALIFORNIENSIS, Var. BRIDGESI NeWC.
Described from a solitary dead shell from San Pablo, in which
'Bull. 28, U. S. N. M., p. 132, 1885.
70 THE NAUTILUS.
Dr. Newcomb failed to recognize the connecting link between
ramentosa and nickliniana. He says,- " Its nearest approach to any
described California species is to H. ramentosa Gld., which is much
smaller in size, more solid in structure, with a more depressed spire,
lighter color and more scaly granulations ; from H. nickliniana Lea
it is readily distinguished by its large umbilicus and difference in
form."
Mr. Binney 2 placed it in the synonymy of ramentosa.
EPIP. CALIFORNIENSIS, var. DIABLOENSIS J. G. C.
This was another solitary dead shell, in the California State Col-
lection, which was supposed3 to have been collected in the Mount
Diablo range by Prof. Brewer of the Geological Survey, who crossed
the range near New Idria, in lat. 36° 30', a distance of about two
hundred miles south of Mount Diablo, which later writers have
given as the type locality of diabloensis.
I fail to see anything in Cooper's description which in any way
shows an affinity with this group, and suspect that the specimen was
a form of trasM. I have traski from Coalinga, which is about
twenty miles south of New Idria, that fit the description very well.
The shell figured by Binney,* Fig. 113, seems to me to be identical
with the one figured as bridaesi, Fig. 109, and most certainly the
shells from the vicinity of Mount Diablo are not the diabloensis of
Cooper.
A list of the principal synonymy follows:
EPIP. CALIFORNIENSIS Lea.
Helix californiensis Lea, Obs., II, 99, 1839.
Helix vincta Val., Voy de la Venus, Moll. pi. I, fig. 2.
EPIP. NICKLINIANA Lea.
Helix nickliniana Lea, Obs., II, 100, 1839.
Helix californiensis Reeve, Con. Icon., no. 66.
Helix arboretorum Val., Voy de la Venus, pi. 1, fig. 3.
1 Proc. Gal. Acad. Sci.. II, p. 91, 1861.
2 Bull. 28, U. S. N. M., p. 133, 1885.
3 J. G. Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.. Ill, p. 260, 1866.
4 Bull. 28, U. S. N. M., p. 134. 1885.
THE NAUTILUS. 71
Helix nemorivaga Val., Voy de la Venus, pi. 1, fig. 1.
Helix ramentosa Old., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 11, 1845.
Helix anachoreta W. G. B., Proc. Phil. Acad., 185, 1857.
Helix reticulata Pfr., Mai. Blatt., 87, 1857.
Helix bridgesii Newc., Proc. Cal. Acad., II, p. 91, 1866.
Arionta calif orniensis, var. nickliniana W. G. B., Bull. 28, 1885.
EXTRACTS FROM THE LOG OF THE EOLIS.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.
The following extracts taken from the log-book of the Eolis are
offered to the NAUTILUS readers at the editor's suggestion. The
Eolis is a fifty-foot motor cruising yacht built by the writer es-
pecially for the purpose of dredging, and is provided with hoisting
machinery, etc. At the time of these entries in the log the boat
was cruising in south Florida waters, with Key West, and later,
Tortugas, as headquarters. Mr. George H. Clapp, of Pittsburgh,
was on board during both cruises. The passages from the log are
taken quite at random :
"April 18, 1910" (in the Hawk Channel). "... coming in
sight of Loue Key, a mere patch of coral sand on an exposed bit of
the outer Florida Reef, we decide to try for some reef collecting, the
tide being favorable. We run the Eolis almost to the key on the
lee side, but with breakers all about us. The Captain, Clapp and I
go ashore in the tender, leaving the Eolis rolling in uncomfortably
shoal water. It is difficult here to record the first impressions of
this our first experience on a tropical reef. At last the fine ones are
to be had for the picking. In nervous haste we turn over the coral
slabs and inspect their under sides. There they are, bright, shin-
ing, alive and beautiful : Cypraea cinerea and spurca, Conns mus
and floridana, Mitra barbaderis and nodulosa, one excellent specimen
of Mitra fergusoni, Cassis, Pisania, Trivia, Olivet, Olivellu, and so
on. The wash of the surf over the coral rocks where we are col-
lecting, deprives us, I am sure, of many specimens, both by hiding
them from sight and by washing them away. . . . Our catch, in
two rather strenuous hours' work, is amazing in quantity and quality
. . . arrive in Key West at 3 p. m."
"April 19, 1910" (Key West). 'fc 4 a. m — Start for outer
72 THE NAUTILUS.
channel buoy, cross the reef and put to sea for a few hauls on the
edge of the Gulf Stream. Weather fine, sea smooth ... 3d haul
in 110 fathoms on a rocky rough bottom made even more difficult to
negotiate by the strength of the current. We are now fairly on the
' Pourtales Plateau,' that narrow strip of sea-bottom which is pure
gold in our imaginations. Possibly we expect too much from this
happy hunting ground of Pourtales, for whatever may be its reputed
treasures they are certainly well protected by the nature of their
surroundings. This haul, made with great difficulty, brings up some
fine brachiopods, some very beautiful Marginellas, and Eureka!
Valuta dohrni. 1 arn sure Clark will appreciate the wonderful
yellow sea-urchins. . . ."
"April 22, 1910. . . . What a day this has been on Sand Key
Reef. Were it not that the keen edge of our excitement has been
dulled by a day on Loue Key Reef I am sure some of us would have
become ' dippy.' As it is, our conduct to any chance observer might
have raised suspicions. We danced and sang and called to each
other in our eagerness to exhibit new things discovered. We must
all drop everything and go over there to see the beautiful calico-
patterned orange-colored mantle of Utiimus gibbosus, or all must
hurry over here to see this octopus before he succeeds in wholly
effacing himself. We fairly reveled in Cypraea, Conus (especially
very fine C. nebulosus), Mitra, Pisania, Pecten, ColumbeUa, Margi-
nella, GalUostonia, Turbo* Purpura, Latirus, Phos, Tritom'dea, Lima,
Avicula, Lithodomus, etc., etc. . . . Blow, blow, blow, will it ever
stop blowing so we may go to work outside again ? We pick over
siftings for hours until our eyes rebel against the strain. The
amount of small and minute stuff is astonishingly great in the sift-
ings. So much of this escapes detection when the material is wet.
A most gratifying number of species of Drillia, Mangilia^ and other
Pleurotomids turn up this way. Especially noteworthy are the
pretty Ancistrocyrinx radiata and Niso interrupta, both of which
have a Chinese or Japanese appearance. Numbers of Pyramidellids
are appearing in the pickings. We all like these graceful highly-
sculptured little shells; the crew call them ' peakers.' I hope
Bartsch will not get too much discouraged when he sees them.
There are so many little bivalves that I have never seen before, and
indeed many Gasteropods of genera wholly unknown to me. . . ."
( To be continued.^)
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXV. NOVEMBER, 1911. No. 7
COLLECTING SHELLS FROM THE ABALONE.
BY T. S. OLDROTD.
At White's Point, four miles from San Pedro, California, is a
station for the Japanese abalone gatherers. They go around to the
different islands and places along the main shore where they are
plentiful. The divers, in their suits, go down in from two to six or
eight fathoms, pry the shells from the rocks, and put them in a sling
net, and they are hauled on deck, the average day's work being from
one to two tons. They are brought to the station, where the meat is
taken out, boiled, dried in the sun, packed in cans and shipped,
mostly to China, I am told, where they are considered quite a deli-
cacy. The shells are piled up on shore, and are sold to jewelry
and novelty manufacturers. The red abalone (ffaliotis rufescens
Swains.) they get on the island of Santa Cruz and places to the
north of here, while the Green Abalone (ffaliotis fulgens Phil.),
the corrugated (Haliotis corrugata Gray), and the black (ffaliotis
cracherodii Leach) are found further south. The shells are not
things of beauty to look at in their natural state, most of them being
badly worm-eaten and covered with moss, barnacles and Vermetus
tubes ; Lithophagus plumula Hani., and Pholadidia sagiUa Stearns
bore holes in the shells and sometimes bore through and the animal
has to protect itself by covering them over with patches of nacre.
Among the moss barnacles and Vermetus, are ideal protected places
for the small and microscopic shells to live in. None of these live
on the abalone exclusively, but in the protected places in the rocks
and stones, as well. I do not know as they prefer the Haliotis to
74 THE NAUTILUS.
the rocks, but I think he is a good-natured inoffensive big fellow and
does not eat up his little neighbors and companions. We have a
Barleeia that is said to be a lover of the Haliotis, but I have found
but very few of them, the Odostontia being by far the most plentiful.
When it gets dull on the farm and we want a day's outing, Mrs.
Oldroyd and myself go to White's Point for a day's collecting. We
do not have to wait for a low tide or go near the water, but make us
a comfortable seat at one of these large piles of shells and pick off
the little shells till we get tired. We find out where the abalone
comes from so as to get the locality of the small shells.
The following list is what we got in a few days' collecting, but
this is nowhere near the limit to what might be found. They were
determined from others in our collection, which were determined at
Washington through the kindness of Doctors Dall and Bartsch :
Odostomia tenuisculpta Cpr. Leptothyra bacula Cpr.
Odostomia straminea Cpr. Phasianella pulliodes Cpr.
Odostomia helga D. & B. Eulithidium substriatum Cpr.
Marginella varia Sby. Calliostoma supergranosum Cpr.
Marginella regularis Cpr. Erato columbella Mke.
Marginella pyriformis Cpr. Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.
Marginella jewettii Cpr. Isapis fenestrata Cpr.
Diala marmorea Cpr. Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall.
Diala acuta Cpr. Amphissa versicolar Dall.
Triforis catalenensis Bartsch. Mitramorpha aspera Cpr.
Triforis montereyensis Bartsch. Mitramorpha filosa Cpr.
Eulima distorta Cpr. Columbella penicillata Cpr.
Jeffreysia bifasciata Cpr. Barleeia subtenuis Cpr.
Jeffreysia translucens Gld. Barleeia haliotiphila Cpr.
Rissoina dalli Bartsch. Placiphorella velata Cpr.
Rissoa grippiana Dall. Anachis subturrita Cpr.
Etlialia supravallata Cpr. Lepidopleurus oldroydi Bartsch.
Vitrinella oldroydi Bartsch. Lepidopleurus nexus Cpr.
Cerithiopsis assimilata C. B. Ad. Acanthochites diegoensis Pils.
Cerithiopsis cosmia Bartsch. Trachydermon dentiens Gld.
Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr. Crepidula dorsata Brod.
Bittium rugatura Cpr. Lyonsia inflata Conr.
Turbonilla buttoni D. & B. Lima dehiscens Conr.
Turbonilla tenuicula Gld. Cardita subquadrata Cpr.
THE NAUTILUS. 75
Mangilia nitens Cpr. Kellia laperousii Desh.
Aesopus myrmacoon Ball. Lasea rubra Cpr.
Tornatina harpa Dall. Saxicava arctica Linn.
Leptothyra paucicostata Dall. Bryophila setosa Cpr.
Leptothyra paucicostata var. Sphaenia californica Conr.
rubra Dall. Hipponix tumens Cpr.
LAND SHELLS OF MONROE CO., PENNSYLVANIA.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
During September, 1909, I spent a couple of weeks at Bartons-
ville, Monroe Co., Pa., and employed some of my leisure in collect-
ing shells. The country rock is a shale of Hamilton age. The
shells were mostly taken on a steep, stony, wooded hillside facing
east, and in a pasture under stones. The species taken are for the
greater part common. See also NAUTILUS XXI, p. 67, where Mr.
Joshua Baily, Jr., lists Monroe County shells.
Polygyra albolabris (Say). Vitrea indentata (Say).
Polygyra tridentata (Say). Euconulus chersinus (Say).
Polygyra fraterna (Say). Zonitoides arborea (Say).
Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).
Pyramidula alternata (Say). Gastrodonta suppressa (Say).
Pyramidula cronkhitei catskill- Succinea ovalis Say.
ensis (Pils.). Vallonia excentrica St.
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Vallonia costata (Miill.).
Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Bifidaria pentodon (Say).
Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.). Vertigo ovata Say.
Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Vertigo gouldi Binn.
Vitrea rhoadsi (Pils.). Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.).
NEW CUBAN UROCOPTID-E, II.
BY PROFESSOR CARLOS DE LA TORRE.
{Concluded from p. 48.)
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) TURGIDA n. sp.
Shell rimate, swollen-cylindric, rapidly tapering to a truncate cone
above; suture simple. Whorls 8-9, a little convex. Brown, mar-
76 THE NAUTILUS.
bled with zigzag whitish flames ; last whorl violet-brown. Surface
shining, weakly ribbed striate. Aperture large, transversely ovate-
oblong, with the internal axial fold strong. Axis encircled by two,
rarely three, compressed lamella?, the lowest broadly expanded in the
last two whorls ; other axial characters as in U. proteus.
Long. 25, diam. 8.6, ap. long. 6.2, ap. diam. 5.2. Whorls 9.
Long. 20, diam. 7.5, ap. long. 5.6, ap. diam. 5. Whorls 8.
Long. 22, diam. 8.6, ap. long. 6, ap. diam. 5. Whorls 8.5.
Var. " a." Smaller, more swollen-fusiform.
Long, from 16 to 19 mm. ; diam. 7 to 8 mm.
Central Cuba; Sierra de Bamburanao near Seibabo de Yaguajay,
province of Santa Clara.
This may be regarded as a more obese member of the U. proteus
group. Both forms live in the same locality, but U. proteus dwells
under stones, while U. turgida finds a permanent habitat on the
upper side of stones.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) UBERRIMA, n. sp.
Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, very inflated, more swollen above the
middle and rapidly terminating in a narrow concave truncation ;
somewhat solid ; pale chestnut colored indistinctly clouded with
darker brown and with whitish areas, last whorl purplish brown.
Surface obliquely regularly rib-striate ; suture simple. Whorls 7-8,
a little convex, the last shortly free in front, with a cord-like keel
around the base. Aperture transversely ovate, brown within, the
peristome, columella and upper wall, white. Axial fold prominent.
Peristome expanded and reflexed. Axis encircled by two subequal
lamellae above the middle, somewhat stout, and by three lamellae in
the antepenultimate and penultimate whorls, the lower the largest.
Long. 17, diam. 8.2, ap. diam. 4.5, ap. long. 5.2. Whorls 8.
Long. 14.5, diam. 8, ap. diam. 4.3, ap. long. 5. Whorls 7.
Long. 16, diam. 8, ap. diam. 4.2, ap. long. 5. Whorls 7.5.
Central Cuba ; Sierra de Santa Rosa, between Remedios and
Seibabo de Yaguajay, Prov. of Santa Clara.
Differs from U. turgida by its smaller size, obovate shape, less
distinct color pattern, and by the axis.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) INTUSCOARCTATA, n. sp.
Shell similar externally to U. cioniscus but the axis bears two
THE NAUTILUS. 77
small sub-equal compressed lamellie above, the upper one disappear-
ing or becoming a low cord at the middle, and the lower, denticulate
above, expands in the antepenultimate whorl into a somewhat
upward flaring broad plate, as in U.jabreana: in the last two whorls
this lamella is reduced again, almost disappearing in the last one.
Long. 29, diam. 6, apert. diam. 5.3. Whorls 13.
Long. 23, diam. 5.6, upert. diam. 5. Whorls 10.
Long. 25, diam. 6, apert. diam. 5.2. Whorls 10.
Central Cuba ; Sierra de Canoa at Las Llanadas, District of
Mayajigua, Province of Santa Clara.
This species belongs to the Section Esochara Pils. and Van., and
is near U.fabreana, but differs in color, the close riblets, whorls
more convex, and chiefly by the upper lamella of the axis not being
obsolete above. Affinities with U. intermedia, etc., are evident.
UROCOPTIS (GONGTLOSTOMA) DIMIDIATA, n. sp.
Shell very similar externally to U. turgida, though differing in
color, the whitish flames being fewer and less undulated. Axis (as
in U. strangulata] " with two spiral lamellae above, the lower one
expanding in a broad, flat plate or spiral disk in the antepenultimate
and penultimate whorls, nearly reaching the outer wall of the cavity."
In the last whorl this lamella is reduced and the upper one effaced.
Long. 28, diam. 9, ap. diam. maj. 7.2, ap. diam. min. 6.2, whorls 10.
Long. 22, diam. 8, ap. diam. maj. 6.6, ap. diam. min. 6, whorls 8.
Long. 25, diam. 8.8, ap. diam. maj. 7, ap. diam. min. 6, whorls 9.
Central Cuba: Vereda de los Boqueles, over the mountain near
Aguada, district of Mayajigua, province of Santa Clara.
The rejected portion of the spire (7 to 8 whorls) rapidly and con-
cavely tapering, striate, with the two and one-half embryonic whorls
smooth, corneous and slightly bulbous. Differs from [7. strangulata
by its swollen shell, color pattern, less widely-spaced riblets, larger
and transversely ovate aperture, etc. From U. intuscoarctata differs
by these same characters and also by the more expanded disk of the
lower lamella, and the upper one effaced only in the last whorl.
U. DIMIDIATA INTERMEDIA, n. Var.
Differs from typical U. dimidiata ^n more slender contour of shell.
Its color is corneous, with occasional inconspicuous brown streaks.
Aperture sub-circular.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
Long. 26, diam. 6.8, ap. diam. 5.4, whorls 11.
Long. 21, diam. 6, ap. diam. 5, whorls 9.
Long. 23, diam. 6.5, ap. diam. 5.2, whorls 9.5.
On stones: Vereda del Chorreron, near Aguada, in the district of
Mayajigua, province of Santa Clara.
An entire small specimen contains 16 whorls and has a length of
25 mm. This variety is somewhat similar to U. fallax, but internally
it is intermediate between U. dimidiata and U. intuscoarctata.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) ALVEARIS, n. sp.
Shell thin, shortly rimate, oblong, widest above the middle; spire
tapering to a very short truncate cone; brown, becoming purple-brown
on last whorl. Sculptured with narrow, oblique, whitish ribs sepa-
rated by spaces about four times width of ribs. Whorls 7-9, slightly
convex, the last very shortly free, its base defined by a very low or
obsolete cord. Aperture nearly circular, dull purple within; colu-
mella and upper portion of the peristome white. Peristome broadly
expanded and the upper margin reflexed. Columellar lamella promi-
nent. Axis with two compressed lamella?, the lower one larger,
broadly expanded in the last two whorls, forming a horizontal disk
extending one-third distance from axis to outer wall.
Long. 20, diam. 9.2, ap. long. 6.7, ap. diam. 7.2.
Long. 16, diam. 8, ap. long. 5, ap. diam. 5.5.
Long. 20.8, diam. 8, ap. long. 6, ap. diam. 6.5.
Central Cuba: La Puntilla, near Remedies, in the Santa Clara
province.
Differs from dimidiata and turgida by the shorter, broader shape
and much more widely-spaced ribs and less expanded axial disk.
The two and one-half embryonic whorls are smooth and very convex,
as in other species of this group, with a diam. of 1.4 mm. The fol-
lowing four whorls are weakly and very obliquely striate, after which
the ribbed sculpture is assumed, irregular and rather weak at first,
but becoming strong and regular on the eighth whorl. The first
eight whorls increase in diameter very slowly, after which the shell
abruptly expands.
UROCOPTIS (GONGYLOSTOMA) TUBA n. sp.
Shell similar to U. alvearis in color, sculpture and axial plan but
differs from that species by its more slender contour and by the much
THE NAUTILUS, XXV.
PLATE IV.
6
NEW CUBAN UROCOPTID^E.
•1HK NAUTILUS, XXV
Pi.Al E V.
21.
22.
23.
NEW CUBAN UROCOPTID^E.
THE NAUTILUS, XXV.
PLATE VL
24
25
26
32
27
NEW CUBAN UROCOPTID/E.
THE NAUTILUS, -XXV.
PLATE VII.
40
43
37
38
42
45
NEW CUBAN UROCOPTlD.E.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
more gradually tapering spire, the lateral outlines of which are not
so deeply concave.
Long. 24.5, diam. 7.5, ap. long. 6.3, ap. diam. 6.5, whorls 10.
Long. 20.3, diam. 7.1, ap. long. 6.5, ap. diam. 6.9, whorls 7.
Central Cuba ; Cerro de Guajahana near Caibarien in the Pro-
vince of Santa Clara.
REFERENCE TO PLATES 1V-VII.
Plate IV.
Figs. 1, 5. Urocoptis villarensis n. sp. Page 42.
Figs. 2, 3, 6. Urocoptis proteus n. sp. Page 43.
Fig. 4. Urocoptis proteus castanea n. subsp. Page 44.
Figs. 7, 8. Urocoptis proteus robustaxis n. subsp. Page 44.
Figs. 9, 12. Urocoptis mayajiguensis n. sp. Page 45.
Figs. 10, 11. Urocoptis cioniscus n. sp. Page 46.
Plate V.
Figs. 13, 14. Urocoptis remediensis n. sp. Page 44.
Fig. 15. Urocoptis remediensis var. a. Page 45.
Fig. 16. Urocoptis remediensis var. b. Page 45.
Figs. 17, 21. Urocoptis mayajiguensis fulva n. subsp. Page 45
Figs. 18, 19, 20. Urocoptis transitoria n. sp. Page 46.
Figs. 22, 23. Urocoptis mayajiguensis var. a. Page 45.
Plate VI.
Figs. 24, 25. Urocoptis turgida n. sp. Page 75.
Fig. 26. Urocoptis turgida var. a. Page 76.
Figs. 27, 30, 31. Urocoptis tuba n. sp. Page 78.
Figs. 28, 29, 34. Urocoptis dilatata n. sp. Page 47.
Figs. 32, 33. Urocoptis fallax n. sp. Page 47.
Plate JIL
Figs. 35, 36, 37, 38. Urocoptis alvearis n. sp. Page 78.
Figs. 39, 40. Urocoptis uberrima n. sp. Page 76.
Figs. 41, 42. Urocoptis dimidiata n. sp. Page 77.
Figs. 43, 44. Urocoptis intuscoarctata n. sp. Page 76.
Figs. 45, 46. Urocoptis dimidiata intermedia n. subsp. Page 77.
80 THE NAUTILUS.
A GOOD COLLECTING GROUND FOR SMALL SHELLS.
BY W. F. CLAPP.
The shells listed below were gathered at High Pines, Duxbury
Beach, Mass. High Pines is a small hummock, separated from the
mainland and any vegetation by eight miles of beach and sand
dunes. The hummock itself which is only an acre in area, is cov-
ered with a dense growth of scrub oak, beach plum and sumac.
Considering the above conditions, it is interesting to note the
quantity of specimens obtained from one square yard. I have in-
cluded in the list approximately the number of specimens of each
species found. Several of the species listed I have been unable to
find in Duxbury on the mainland, and, on the other hand, species
found in considerable quantities in Duxbury do not appear to inhabit
High Pines.
On old charts of Duxbury Beach, the area connecting High Pines
with the mainland appears as thickly wooded, but storms have re-
moved all visible evidences of the former vegetation.
" For the benefit of those from Missouri," I will add, that I have
a small quantity of soil similar to that from which these shells were
taken, and will be pleased to divide the spoils with anyone caring to
sort out the remainder, and thus verify my figures.
Vallonia pulchella Miiller 1800
Zoogenites harpa Say 770
Pupilla muscorum Linn 450
Zonitoides arborea Say 270
Cochlicopa lubrica Mull 150
Helicodiscus parallelus Say 75
Helix hortensis Miiller 25
Vertigo milium Gould 60
Vitrea hammonis Strom 28
Bifidaria curvidens Gould 24
Punctum pygmaeum Drap 23
Succinea ovalis totteniana Lea 17
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils 2
3694
THE NAUTILUS. 81
EXTRACTS FROM THE LOG OF THE EOLIS.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR.
(Concluded from p . 7#.)
" May 30, 1911 " (off Key West). "... 6 a. m — We take a
position about where we failed yesterday in 50 fathoms, using the
medium dredge for several unsuccessful hauls ; then we bend on ' old
Sampson ' (our largest and heaviest dredge) and lower away. This
time the bag comes up full of large broken shells, mostly Pectens
and large bivalves all dead and worn, from shallow water ; this is no
O
good at all. Run out to 90 fathoms and make three very good hauls
on the edge of the Pourtales Plateau. The features of the bag are
some very interesting Murices of the Pteronotus group with wide
foliated varices and quite suggestive of certain Pacific Coast species.
Also Murex beauii, a very fine species of that fine genus. We especi-
ally rejoice over these Murices for with them added to our records
we have nearly completed the list of Atlantic Coast Muricidae.
Valuta dohrni, Calliostoma bairdii, a superb Fusvs eucosmia twice
the size of any specimens I have ever seen. It nearly took our
breath away. . . . The clearness of the water here is most striking.
We always watch over the side of the boat to see who will first dis-
tinguish the dredge as it is being hauled up by the power winch.
Its white skirts begin flashing so far below the surface we have been
speculating upon the actual distance. We measured the rope to-day
and found that we could actually see the dredge at 104 feet."
"June 11, 1911" (Key West). "In bagging the dried siftings
of a haul made yesterday in 90 fathoms, we made the splendid dis-
covery of a Haliotis. This is probably Haliotis pourtalesii of Dall,
described by him from memory of the unique specimen which was
destroyed in the Chicago fire. Pourtales obtained his specimen
right about here. This one just taken is now the only specimen ' in
captivity.' We are quite excited about it ... alas, we need all
the cheer we can find, for the loss of our two carefully designed traps
and 'old Sampson,' all in one day, has cast a gloom upon us ...
61 fathoms, a fragment, though brightly colored, ol Valuta junonia,
the first in our records."
" June 6, 1911 " (Key West). "... proceeding out we meet a
stiff wind with swell and a nasty chop on top, but we try out a few
82 THE NAUTILUS.
hauls nevertheless in shallow water, 20 fath. Position, close to
outer edge of Florida Reef. Excellent bottom, though not very
rich in mollusks. An apparently new Scala, with deeply channelled
sutures, giving it a pagoda-like appearance, the ribs quite obsolete.
The animal placed in alcohol at once exuded a large amount of
purple liquid. We are pleased to see that it is possible to dredge in
so rough a sea, but when wind, sea and current all pull together, it
is hard."
"June 9, 1911" (Tortugas Islands). "... about three miles
out from the big red sea buoy, five hauls on rough to hard sand
bottom, — the poorest five hauls that any one ever made. One bright
spot in the morning's work is a living Voluta junonia, a young speci-
men, but at last we may say that we have collected this rare and
most desirable shell alive." ... (on Garden Key, Tortugas).
"... we discover a patch of coral rock making out from shore and
we fall greedily upon it. The rock extends out but a short distance
to the edge of the dredged channel to the Fort ; there the bottom
falls steeply to a depth of about thirty feet, the water being clear
as crystal. Upon this pile of half- submerged rock we obtain some
delightful collecting. Very fine specimens of a small race of Cypraea
exanthema are abundant along with the usual run of reef species, all
shells being very free of calcareous deposits. Red and yellow
Pectens are abundant, clinging, for the most part, to the rocks by
byssi ; there are also pure white Limas that display their wonderfully-
decorated mantle edges ; they are very agile and dart about by a
rapid spasmodic opening and closing of their shells. The larger
specimens are always fixed by the byssus in crevices of the rocks.
The Trochids and Turbinidtz are especially well represented on this
reef. To facilitate our work we all enter the water regardless of
clothes. It is too deep for rubber boots, the sun is too powerful for
naked backs. We vary our labors by an occasional swim about the
outer edge of the rocks, — it feels so odd to be fully clothed in the
water . . . this little reef is perfectly delightful. A large quantity
of exquisite fish of the ' Angel fish ' type, — veritable butterfles as to
color hover about, almost touching our hands and acting in the most
friendly and confidential manner, yet always skilfully avoiding cap-
ture by just eluding one's grasp; they seem not in the least frightened
by such hostile demonstration. Now and then large fish weighing
ten to twenty pounds come leisurely swimming along and inspect us
THE NAUTILUS. 83
carefully, and tlien decide to hang around awhile. We are in a per-
fect aquarium, — a part of it — and we are upon the most intimate
terms with all the other inhabitants. Great care must be taken to
avoid touching the sharp-spined sea-urchins, especially the Diadema,
whose purple and black spines are six inches long and as sharp as
needles, brittle as glass and poisonous . . . such a wealth of cru-
stacea, such beautiful Kolids with green and yellow filagree-work
along their backs ; they crawl over one's hands under water like cat-
erpillars ; such stealthy Octopi sneaking over the rocks, — one recoils
from them as from a snake. How fascinating this reef collecting is.
Poor Clapp ; if these were only land shells, how much more he would
enjoy it. . . ."
NOTES.
A CONCHOLOGIST'S DIRECTORY — The undersigned intends pub-
lishing, on or before January 1, 1912, a Directory of American
Conchologists. No charge is made for inserting names and ad-
dresses, but if a copy of the Directory is desired, send 25 cents as
early as possible.
Persons ordering in advance may choose a subject and have the
same designated after their name. Conchologists should state if they
have a collection, the size of the same, and whether exchanges are
invited, etc.
If sufficient interest is shown, the Directory will be published
annually until the formation of a national society. Address,
MAXWELL SMITH, Hartsdale, N. Y.
TEACHING NATURAL HISTORY — So far as I know, this is the
only high school in America where an effort is made in the regular
zoology classes to teach pupils the systematic collection and naming
of our common insects and shells. This may be right or it may not,
but the unusual interest manifested in our classes urges me to write
this, thinking that it may be helpful to others. I shall speak of the
shells only.
I read to all my classes the peculiar incident told by Mr. Hender-
son in his Cuban trip collecting Urocoptis elliotti. It will open the
eyes of over 100 boys and girls to see things when they go to Cuba.
84 THE NAUTILUS.
I say " see " advisedly, for they have already seen two very remark-
able things right here at home. The first was a find of Valvata in
Washington Park, and the second a remarkable find of five species
of land shells at 63d and Prairie Ave., where the South Side ele-
vated " goes round the bend." There were hundreds of Pyramidula
striatella, Zonitoides, Vitreas and Vallonias. These, mind you, were
brought in by pupils who a month ago knew not of their existence.
They also visit the greenhouses and pick up V. draparnaldi. And
the keepers help them in their search. If we have no shell col-
lectors in the next generation 'twill be no fault of mine. — E. E.
HAND, Department of Zoology, Wendell Phillips High School,
Chicago.
NlNE HUNDRED AND TWELVE PEA.RLS IN ONE UNIO W. H.
Toms, a clam- digger of Adrian, Mich., found 912 pearls in a Raisin
River clam. One hundred were of marketable size. Fifty are
beauties, for which he expects a fortune. — Public Ledger, Phila.
COLLECTING ON THE SIPSET RIVER, ALABAMA. — Since writing
last I have made several excursions to the Sipsey. You will remem-
ber that, after my work at the Forks, we considered it rather a poor
stream for Unionidce. My present impression is that it is going to
turn out one of the richest in Alabama, and decidedly peculiar. It
is, in fact, very different from other rivers which I have explored.
Most of it is " dead water," with a steady, pretty strong current and
three or four feet deep; it is very crooked and choked with drift logs.
Now and then there are gravel shoals, shallow, with an even, strong
current, and these are the places for the mussels, especially Pleuro-
bemas. These gravel shoals are altogether peculiar in my experience.
The bottom is a layer of gravel, a foot or so thick, cemented so that
it is quite hard; under this there is loose gravel, in which the mus-
sels generally live. At the Forks I used to wonder why the musk-
rats left so many shells and I found so few. A farmer there, who
had taken out river gravel for a road, gave me the explanation,
which I have verified : only a few mussels are in the top layer, but
great numbers of them under the cemented portion; the muskrats
get to them through small crevices. The proper way to work these
shoals will be to have a man dig away the cemented part, which is
not very hard, and get to the layer beneath — H. H. SMITH.
IHE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXV. DECEMBER, 1911. No. 8
A NEW GENTJS OF BIVALVES FROM BERMUDA
BY WILLIAM IIKAl.KY DAI.)..
Among various minute shells scnl (or examination to the National
Museum by Mr. Arthur Haycock, of Bermuda, is a minute trian-
gular bivalve which at first looks like a very small, solid Cuminyia,
but on careful scrutiny under a compound microscope proves to be a
new genus of the family "Mesodesmaiidce. One complete specimen
and a single valve are in the collection of Mr. Haycock.
AKGYUODONAX, n. g.
Shell small, concentrically sculptured, porcellanous, with a minute,
smooth, nearly circular prodissoconch. Hinge formula — '-^—
R.0.1r010.0
1'allial sinus large and deep, muscular scars large and strong; pos-
sessing a feeble external ligament and a narrow but strong resilium.
General form tellinoid. Type:
AKGYRODONAX HAYCOCKI, n. sp.
Shell small, white, subtriangular, attenuated behind; sculpture of
concentric threads growing coarser and more or less irregularly
grouped toward the margin ; lunular space impressed but not defined
by any limiting sculpture; there is no escutcheon; ligament feeble,
short, arnphidetic external; resilium narrow, strong, situated in front
of the posterior left cardinal tooth, and in the right valve in front of
a ridge, which may be a feeble cardinal tooth or merely the raised
86 THE NAUTILUS.
edge of the resiliifer; the right valve has a short, stout anterior and
a high, thin, elongate posterior lateral tooth; both the laterals fit
under the margin of the left valve with no obvious sockets. The
anterior end of the shell is longer than the posterior, and is rounded;
the shorter posterior end is subtriangular; the muscular scars are
large for the size of the valve, especially the posterior scar; the pallial
sinus is deep, high, rounded behind, confluent with the pallial line
below.
Length 5.5, height 4.5, max. diam. 2.6 mm.
Habitat: Bermuda.
This shell is perhaps nearest to Anapella, which has no pallial
sinus and a simpler hinge-armature. I know of no other genus of
the family which can be said to approach it more nearly.
A NEW BRACHIOPOD FROM BERMUDA.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY BALL.
Another of Mr. Haycock's interesting discoveries is a small brachi-
opod belonging to the genus Argyroiheca (formerly Cistella), which
occurs in the shell sand of Bermuda.
AKGYROTHECA BKRMUDANA, n. sp.
Shell minute, varying from nearly circular to slightly quadrate-
rounded, with a feeble concave median inflection of the haemal valve
which does not obviously undulate the distal margin. Color white,
clouded with pale scarlet; area wide, smooth, with a very large tri-
angular opening for the pedicel; surface smooth with rather large
punctations. Hinge teeth short, strong. Ventral valve with a me-
dian, rather low septum, extending nearly to the distal margin.
Haemal valve with a strong septum, widest distally and with a dis-
tinctly serrate front edge. Apophyses broad and horizontally in-
curved, and in large part free from the valve except near the septum.
The largest specimen is 2.5 mm. wide and about as high, moderately
convex.
None of the specimens contained the remains of the animal. In
form and character this is a very distinct species; in color it may be
THE NAUTILUS.
compared to Fremdina pulchella Gray. It cannot be confounded
with the heavily ribbed Antillean A. rubroti/icta.
A NEW CALIFORNIA EUPLEURA
BY \VM. II. L)ALI..
The following species was dredged off San Diego, outside the kelp
beds, in 15 fathoms, by Mr. C. W. Gripp, whose success in getting
new and interesting forms is well known to readers of the NAUTILUS :
EUPLKURA GRIPPI, n. sp.
Nucleus small, of a single whorl or slightly more, dark chestnut-
brown in color, smooth and slightly tilted, followed by four and a
luflf subsequent whorls, with the inception of which the sculpture
changes abruptly; the first has two, the second three, the third four
spiral threads between the periphery and the subsequent suture; the
two original threads stronger than the others, but all becoming rela-
tively feebler, and on the last whorl obsolete; the posterior slope of
the whorls is smooth except for lines of growth; on the last whorl
there are very obscure indications of obsolete spiral sculpture; the
whorls have, in the type specimen, about five obscure nodes at the
shoulder, reminiscent of the varices of the other species of the genus;
whorls increasing in size rapidly, the shoulder slope flatfish, situated
at the posterior third on the last whorl, the suture distinct but not
appressed; aperture ovate, the body with a light glaze, the outer lip
thickened, sharp-edged, tinged with orange color; the type has eight
small denticles within on the callus; canal short, open, slightly re-
curved; general tint of the type specimen dark, livid, olive color;
operculum muricoid.
Height of shell 21.5, of last whorl 18.0, of aperture excluding the
canal 10.0; max. diameter of the shell 11.0, of the aperture 6.2 mm.
The animal, like that of the other species, is purpuriferous. It
presents a strong contrast to the other species of the genus in its
general smoothness and absence of conspicuous sculpture and the
bright color of the lip.
THK NAUTILUS.
NOTE ON PACHYCHEILUS VIOLACEUS PRESTON.
BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN,
Guautanamo, Cuba.
This species, the largest Mehinian of Cuba, was described by Mr.
Preston in the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London,
ix, p. 199, March, 1911, the locality being indefinitely given as
" Cuba, alt. 2000 feet." The circumstances of the discovery of this
remarkable species may be of interest. I found it in the Santa Maria
river at Camp Yberia, 2000 feet above sea level, on September 17th,
1909. This place is 25 miles west of the city of Baracoa, on the
north coast of Cuba. The hills in which Camp Yberia lies are
known as the Sierra del Cupey, and the place is by no means easy
of access.
The shells are quite abundant, all being squarely truncated. They
are purplish-brown, almost black, with indistinct light bands below
the suture, at the periphery and around the axis. These bands show
distinctly on looking through the shell from the inside. Or the shell
might be described as pale olive, with two broad purple-brown bands-
The surface has the fine striation of the Central American species of
Pachycheilus.
THE USE OF THE GENERIC NAMES UNIO, MARGARITANA, LYMNIUM
AND ELLIPTIC, AND OF ANODONTA AND ANODONTITES.
BY A. E. ORTMANN.
Recently an attempt has been made to show that the general use
of the old names of Unio, Margaritana and Anodonta is not correct,
but that they should give way to Lymnium, Unio and Anodontites,
respectively. This was first indicated by Thiele (Nachr. Bl. deutsch.
Malakozool. Ges. 41, Heft 1, 1909, p. 29) and carried out by him
subsequently (J. Thiele, Mollusken, in: Brauer, Suesswasserfauna
Deutschlands, Heft 19, 19< 9, pp. 32-35).
I. To the first change (Unio into Lymnium, etc.) an objection was
promptly taken by F. Haas (Nachr. Bl. deutsch. Malakozool. Ges.
41, Heft 2, 1909, pp. 68-72), to which, however, Thiele replied,
maintaining his view (Beitr. Kenntn. mitteleurop. Najaden, Beil.
Nachr. Bl., etc., No. 3, 1909, p. 48).
THE NAUTILUS. 89
The evidence offered for either view may be condensed as follows:
The original genus Uin'o of Retzius, 1788, contains species both
with and without lateral hinge teeth, and no type is named. In
1792 Bruguiere describes the genus Unio as possessing such teeth,
without saying, however, what is to become of those species which
have no lateral teeth. In 1815 Oken divided the genus Unio, call-
ing the species with lateral teeth Lymnium and those without teeth
Unio. In 1817 Schumacher did the same, but retained Unio for
the species with teeth, while for those without teeth he introduced
the new generic name Margaritana.
Thiele now claims that Oken was the first to split the old genus,
and that his names have the priority, while Haas claims that Bru-
guiere had the intention to split the old genus, and that he thus has
the priority over Oken. With reference to the latter claim, Thiele
says that there is no evidence whatever in Berguiere's paper to show
that he intended to divide the genus Unio.
Both authors are right. Bruguiere may have had the intention of
dividing the genus, but there is no positive proof of it, and as long
as the dispute concerns the possible intentions of Bruguiere the ques-
tion will never be settled. But I should like to offer here two sug-
gestions which probably will help us.
(1) Unio Retzius is a genus without a type, but with a diagnosis,
which includes species with and without lateral teeth. No matter
what the intentions of Bruguiere were, the fact remains that he, with
a full knowledge of Retzius' diagnosis, gave another diagnosis, in
which he mentions only the presence of lateral teeth. Thus, although
we cannot say that the genus Unio has been split or divided, surely
the concept has been changed and restricted. This is a perfectly
legitimate way in nomenclature, and thus Bruguiere introduced the
first change in the definition of the genus, and consequently has the
priority over Oken. Oken, according to our modern rules, had no
right any more to use Unio in such a way that it would exclude all
of Bruguiere's species.
(2) Unio Retzius is a genus without a type, that is to say we do
not know which one of the six species enumerated by Retzius is the
type. Yet looking again at the diagnosis, we see it says that in
" most " species (in plurimis] lateral teeth are present. This makes
it perfectly clear that Retzius regarded the absence of lateral teeth
(in one species) as an exception to the rule, while the other five spe-
90 THE NAUTILUS.
cies represent the rule, or typical condition. While we thus do not
know the type, we know, on the other hand, which species should not
be the type.
Now if any subsequent author is to select a type species, this latter
surely should correspond to the original diagnosis, and should repre-
sent the rule but not the exception. Haas cites a rule of the inter-
national code of nomenclature (section 35), which says that no species
should be selected as type which has only " doubtfully " been as-
signed to the genus by the original describer. Of course, taken
verbally, this rule does not entirely fit the present case, but without
much difficulty it might be stretched so as to cover it. If U. mar-
garitiferus is selected as type, as Oken does, a species is taken which
is abnormal and does not fully correspond to the original diagnosis,
while a number of species which do fit the original diagnosis are
thrown out. While Bruguiere's change in the diagnosis consists
only of the dropping of the word " most" (plurimis], thus throwing
out the exceptional case only, Oken's definition of the genera involves
a complete change, for instead of having lateral teeth " in most
cases," as formerly, Unio now has " never any " lateral teeth, prac-
tically the opposite.
These two considerations are, as far as I can see, consistent not
only with common sense, but also with the rules of nomenclature.
There is no rule which says that an author has no right to change
the concept of a genus by modifying the diagnosis, as long as one or
some of the original species remain included, and this is what Bru-
guiere has actually done, and we see it black or white before us.
And further, in doing this, Bruguiere simply carried out an idea
already suggested by Retzius, namely, that the genus Unio consists
of a number of species representing fully the normal condition of the
genus, and of an additional one which forms an exception.
Consequently Bruguiere has the priority, and Lymnium of Oken
becomes simply a synonym of Unio, as restricted by Bruguidre. For
the remaining species ( U. margariferus) Schumacher's name Mar-
garitana is to be used.
I may mention here incidentally that a number of North American
species are retained under the genus Unio by Simpson. I do not
think that they should remain congeneric with the European forms,
for reasons which will be set forth in another paper. For most of
the American forms the generic name Elliptio Rafinesque, 1819,
THE NAUTILUS. 91
which has been used by Simpson for a section of Unio, will be appro-
priate, and its use will conform to the rules of nomenclature. The
type species of Elliptio is U. crassidens Lamarck. Congeneric are
at least the following species: gibbosus Barnes, complanatus Dillwyn,
fisherianus Lea and productus Conrad, and probably most of the
other North American species, at least those which group with the
species named.
II. The substitution of Anodontites Bruguiere, 1792, for Anodonta
Lamarck, 1799, has also been advocated by Thiele (1. c.), and is not
objected to by Haas (1. c.).
I think this case is absolutely clear, and there is no earthly reason
for this change. Anodontites was created by Bruguiere in order to
describe a new species, A. crispata, from South America. He also
says that several other species belong to Anodontites, two of Linnaeus,
which he names, and seven others which he does not mention. This
leaves not the slightest doubt that Anodontites crispata is the type
of Anodontites. It is the first species described under this generic
name, and it consequently always has to remain with this genus un-
less the latter is dropped for other reasons. In Simpson's synopsis,
however, this species stands under Glabaris Gray, 1847. This is
against the rules. Since there is no objection whatever to the gene-
ric name Anodontites, Anodontites crispata has to stand, and all other
species of the modern Glabaris have to go with it, so that Glabaris
becomes a synonym of Anodontites, which is a South American genus.
This opens the way for the admission of Lamarck's Anodonta, the
type of which is, according to Simpson, Mytilus cygneus of Linnceus.
We may now rejoice, for we have three valid generic names
among the Najades which we must not confuse, Anodontites Bru-
guiere (= Glabaris Gray), Anodonta Lamarck and Anodontoides
Simpson, disregarding the synonyms Anodon Oken, Anodontes Cu-
vier, Anodontopsis Simpson and the fossil Anodontopsis McCoy.
THE LAND SHELLS OF GARDEN KEY, DRY TORTUGAS, FLA
BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.
While at Key West last June on the " Eolis," Henderson and I
were invited by Dr. Alfred G. Mayer, in charge of the Carnegie
Institution Biological Station on Loggerhead Key, Dry Tortugas, to
92 THE NAUTILUS.
come over and make a call. As it was only a matter of about 65
miles each way we decided to accept, so the day after their boat, the
"Anton Dohrn," started we followed, and spent four delightful days
on and around the keys.
Our anchorage was just off Fort Jefferson, Garden Key, and
knowing that the Fort had been occupied for a great many years we
thought there might be some land shells. A careful turning over of
boards, bricks and stones inside the Fort yielded nothing but an
occasional scorpion. Finally Henderson climbed to the top of the
old magazine, which was covered with a heavy growth of vines and
weeds, and almost immediately turned up an Opeas micro.. We
then discovered a Bifidaria on the under side of a brick, so gathered
a lot of dirt and dead leaves which on picking over yielded the
following :
Opeas micro, (Orb.). Very common, mostly dead.
Bifidaria rupicola (Say). Not common, many alive.
Bifidaria hordeacella Pils. Common, mostly dead.
A careful search under stones and boards on top of the Fort
yielded nothing.
On the beach among drift I picked up four dead, bleached Poly-
gyra c. carpenteriana (Bid.) and two immature Cerion incanam
(Binn.), evidently "floaters" from one of the eastern keys.
A FEW SUGGESTIONS.
BY V. STERKI.
Can the NAUTILUS give a little space for a few suggestions which
it is hoped will not be offensive to the readers and collaborators, but
meet with approval and — application ?
1. The terms " Land and Freshwater Mollusca," or " Terrestrial
and Fluviatile," or even " Extra-marine," are somewhat lengthy
and cumbersome. We might say " Inland Mollusca" somewhat like
the German " Binnenmollusken,'' and even more expressive. In a
short time we should be accustomed to it and find it convenient.
2. The terms " Malacology " and " Malacologist," generally used
elsewhere, have been used occasionally also by American writers in
preference to " Conchology " and " Conchologist," which date from
THE NAUTILUS. 93
(lie time when the sliells, or concha,-, were the things collected and
studied. Now we are studying mainly the soft parts ; better, the
animals, " Malacozoa," and might as well use the proper term.
Malacology is a permissible, or excusable, abbreviation of malaco-
zoology.
3. In somewhat the same sense we still are too much accustomed
to the word " Shells " used indiscriminately. '' Land Shells of
North America " or the " Shells of Tennessee " is improper. In the
first place we really mean the animals, and in the second there are
many snails without any shells. The words " Snails," " Mussels ''
and " Slugs " are not objectionable, have been used, and their mean-
ing is clearly defined. Restrict the use of " Shell " to what it really
means.
4. In looking over the files, e. y. of the NAUTILUS, we find scores
of heads of articles like, " A New Species of Unionidae." If the
name of the species described were the title we would not only at
once know what it is, but it would be easier to find a certain article,
and registration would be simplified.
New Philadelphia, Ohio, Sept., 1911.
NOTE ON A NEW ABRALIOPSIS FROM JAPAN
BY 8. S. BERRY,
Stanford University, California.
Preserved among some miscellaneous invertebrates in the Stanford
University collections were found specimens of a very distinct and
interesting new species of Abratiopsis, with respect to which the fol-
lowing notes may be regarded as merely preliminary to a more ex-
tended account in a paper now in hand.
Abraliopsis scintillans, new species.
Animal small, mantle elongate conical, tapering; fins large,
broadly sagittate, well produced posteriorly to an acute point, about
two-thirds as long as the body.
Head large, flattened, with large, prominent eyes.
Arms moderate, nearly of a length, their relative order 4, 3 = = 2,
1 (the dorsal arms counting as 1); armed for the most part with 11-
12 small alternating hooks, but these give place to two rows of
94 THE NAUTILUS.
minute suckers at the tips, except on the ventral pair, which show
the usual modifications.
Tentacles as long as the mantle, their clubs not expanded ; armed
with four rows of small suckers over the distal two-thirds of the club,
proximal to these a ventral row of two large hooks opposed by a dor-
sal row of 4-5 very minute suckers. Fixing apparatus composed of
four suckers and four pads alternating in two rows.
Photophores numerous on the ventral aspect of the mantle, bilater-
ally arranged but not in clearly defined series ; on the funnel in about
ten rows ; on the lower surface of the head nearly as many, including
a distinct circlet about each orbit ; on the ventral arms three rows,
only one of which persists to the tip; on the third arms one short row.
Length of mantle 59 mm., of fins 39 mm., width across fins 38
mm., length of ventral arms 27 mm.
Habitat : Japan.
NOTES.
AN ADDITIONAL RECORD FOR HELIX HOKTENSIS MULL. — Dr.
Percy E. Raymond, of the Geological Survey of Canada, has recently
sent to the Carnegie Museum 21 specimens of Helix hortensis from
Neuville, Points aux Trembles, Portneuf Co., about 22 miles west
of Quebec. There are 21 shells in the lot, all bright yellow, with
the following band formulas:
Six var. arenicola, 12345 transparent, 4 and 5 faint.
Three var. arenicola, 12345 transparent, 4 and 5 very faint.
Three var. arenicola (?), 12300 transparent.
One var. arenicola, 12000 traces of 1.2 near aperture.
One, 00000.
One, 12345, young shell, 4 whorls.
Six immature, 4 to 4^ whorls, all showing translucent bands.
Largest shell 22 x 18 x 16^ mm.
Smallest shell l«x 16 x 15 mm. — GEO. H. CLAFP.
As a small contribution to the discussion in the NAUTILUS In re
the Southern Range of Epiphragmophora infumata. I collected a
fine living specimen of the typical form in the " Muir Woods," Mt.
Tamilpais, in May, 1909. This is in Marin county, and I believe
about twenty miles north of San Francisco — GEO. H. CLAPP.
THE NAUTILUS. 95
VALLONIA IN CHICAGO. — Eleventh month, eleventh day, I'.'ll.
Funny date, funny day! Thermometer standing at 72°, wind at 40
miles per hour. Thought I must do something unusual, so at 9 a. m.
took my little tin tobacco box and walked to 63d and Prairie Ave.,
near where the South Side Elevated goes round the bend, and
looked for Vallonias. About a month ago I captured 1782 in two
hours. To-day I returned in an hour, and must have four or tire
times as many. It may not be news, but they reminded me of white
ants, the way they " bored into " the decaying sticks and wood.
I think this is a " record " for collecting so many near the heart
of a great city. If any one wishes samples lei him speak out. — E. E.
HAND, Wendell Phillips High School, Chicago, 111.
ON THE TYPE OF CONGERIA. — The genus Congeria Partsch was
proposed for four new species of the Hungarian miocene, C. subglo-
bosa, G. triangularis, C, balatonica and C. spathulata. No type was
selected, and so far as I can learn none has been expressly selected
by any subsequent author. Professor Karl von Zittel, in his well-
known Handbuch der Palaontologie, figured C. subglobosa, and that
only as an example of the genus (Vol. I, p. 43, fig. 56), but by some
error, such as may overtake even the most careful naturalists, he
wrote the name "Dreissensia, (Congeria) conglobata Partsch." This
error was perpetuated by Dr. Paul Fischer (Manual de Conchy 1., p.
973). The same species is mentioned and figured in the English
translation of Zittel's Text-book of Paleontology, I, p. 387, fig- 685
(1896), and here the name under the figures is correctly given, sub-
globosa Partsch. The general use of this species as an example of
Congeria renders it expedient to select it as type. Congeria subglo-
bosa Partsch is therefore the type of Congeria.
C. subglobosa is very aberrant for a mytilaceous bivalve, being
thick, rounded-quadrate, with somewhat the general contour of the
deep valve of Exogyra. Dr. Diill, to whose work on Pelecypods we
naturally turn for such information, considers our American Dreis-
senids to belong to Congeria rather than to Dreissena, the common
European genus, which he shows to be generically different (Ter-
tiary Fauna of Florida, p. 808). It must be admitted, however,
that the American forms by their shape and thinness differ a good
deal from the type of Congeria, so that the group Mytilopsis Conrad
96 THE NAUTILUS.
(Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1857, p. 167) will probably be retained for
them, in a subgeneric sense. Its type and only species was M. leu-
cophseatus Conr., of the Atlantic coast north to Chesapeake Bay.
Partsch's article appeared in a very rare periodical, and is entitled
" Ueber die sogenannten versteinerteri Ziegenklauen aus dem Plat-
tensee in Ungarn mit ein neues urweltliches Geschlecht zweis-
chaliger Conchylien," von Paul Partsch, published in Annalen des
Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte, I, pp. 93-102, 183o. Gon-
geria is first mentioned and defined on p. 97 (not p. 93, as has been
cited) H. A. PILSBRY.
THE NAME GLOSSINA It is a curious illustration of the wide
separation of different groups of zoologists that the name Glossina
has been permitted to remain in use for a Brachiopod, apparently
without protest, while it rightfully belongs to the well-known tse-tse
fly, the carrier of the sleeping sickness organism. This double use,
contrary to the rules of nomenclature, is perhaps still more objection-
able since we discovered the Dipterous Glossina in the miocene of
Colorado, and the name consequently enters palaeontology. Prob-
ably those who may have noticed the conflict have found that the
nomenclators give no date for Glossina Wiedemann, and conse-
quently no certain indication of its priority. It was published,
however, in 1830, while the Lingulid Glossina Phil, (type Lingula
attenuata Sowerby) did not appear until 1848. The Lingulid genus
or subgenus (Dr. Charles Schuchert writes me that "at present the
name cannot have greater value than that of subgeneric rank ") may
take the name Pal&oglosm. — T. D. A. COOKERELL.
HELIX HORTENSIS ox LONG ISLAND, N. Y. — Smith and Prime,
in their list of Long Island rnollusks, 1870, p. 404, reported H. hor-
tensis from Long Island, without citing any definite locality. The
undersigned will be grateful for any further information. Where on
Long Island, or elsewhere in New York, has the species been found,
and in what collections are specimens preserved ? Similar informa-
tion on the occurrence in New York of Polygynt inflecta Say, P.
appressa Say and P. multilineata Say is desired. — H. A. Pilsbry,
Acad. Nat. Sciences, Logan Square, Philadelphia.
THE NAUTILUS, XXV.
PLATE VIII.
ARKANSlA WHEELERI, N. £ P.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXV. JANUARY, 1912. No. 9
A NEW NORTH AMERICAN NAIAD.
BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN AND BRYANT WALKER.
ARKANSIA, n. g.
Shell moderately thick, subrotund to subovate or subrhomboidal,
inflated, with full beaks. Disk sculptured with irregular, oblique
folds, which are sometimes indistinct. Beak sculpture poorly de-
veloped, consisting of two to three double-looped bars, the loops
slightly swollen or tubercular, disappearing toward the disk and not
continuous with the sculpture of the latter. Hinge well developed,
with strong pseudocardinals, a very strong interdental projection in
the left valve and well developed, strong, but rather short laterals.
Soft parts: Supra-anal opening separated from the anal by a
mantle connection, which is somewhat variable, but rather long (a
little shorter to somewhat longer than the anal ; the supra-anal is
correspondingly longer or shorter; in one case there is a double
mantle connection). Mantle edges, between the anal and branchial,
drawn together by the gill-diaphragm but not united. Inner edge
of anal almost smooth, that of the branchial with papillae.
Outer lamina of outer gills connected with mantle to its posterior
end, and thus the gill-diaphragm is complete. Anterior end of inner
gills located about midway between the posterior base of the palpi
and the anterior end of the outer gills. Inner lamina of inner gills
free from the abdominal sac, except for a short distance at the
anterior end. Palpi of medium size, subfalcate, their posterior mar-
gins connected for about one-third of their length.
98 THE NAUTILUS.
Gills with well-developed septa and water-tubes. The septa are
rather distant in the male and in the inner gill of the female. The
outer gill alone is marsupial in the female, with very close septa.
Edge of marsupium with slightly thickened tissue, indicating that it
is capable of being stretched out when gravid.
Type : Arkansia wheeleri Ortmann and Walker.
ARKANSIA WHEELERI, n. sp. PI. VIII.
Male and female shells alike. Shell subrotund to subovate or
subrhomboidal, inflated, rather thick and solid ; dark reddish-brown
or black, usually lighter toward the beaks, which in young shells are
chestnut-colored ; epidermis with a silky luster ; beaks very prom-
inent, projecting anteriorly and incurved over the large lunule, their
sculpture consisting of two or three double-looped bars, the loops
slightly swollen or tubercular; sculpture restricted to the extremity
of the beaks, the remainder of the umbonal region being entirely
smooth ; posterior half of the disk sculptured with irregular, oblique
folds, sometimes nearly obsolete, which on the dorsal slope curve
upwards, and in front of the posterior ridge are crossed by numerous,
irregular, radiating, small folds or wrinkles at right angles to the
lines of growth ; anterior portion of the disk smooth ; anterior mar-
gin nearly straight in front of the beaks, then projecting in a regular
curve, which continues around the basal margin until it meets the
posterior margin at an obtuse angle about one-third up from the
base ; hinge margin nearly straight ; posterior margin slightly
curved ; posterior ridge not prominent, usually rounded, but some-
times obscurely binngulate ; hinge complete ; pseudocardinals strong,
ragged, in the left valve, two, not strongly differentiated and coal-
escing along the hinge line, the anterior narrow and parallel with
the hinge line, the posterior somewhat wider and heavier and
scarcely separated from a strong projection of the interdentum,
which is continuous with the lower lateral and slopes gradually to
its extremity ; upper lateral low, the groove between them deep and
extending nearly to the beak ; a single, strong pseudocardinal in the
right valve with a. deep pit behind it to receive the anterior pseudo-
cardinal of the left valve, interdentum cut away to make room for
the interdental projection in the left valve ; a single strong, but
rather short lateral ; ligament dark brown ; muscle scars not very
deep, those of the anterior adductor and posterior adductor large,
THE NAUTILUS.
those of the anterior retractor and pedal protractor rather small and
inconspicuous ; cavity of the beaks very deep ; nacre usually salmon-
colored above the pallial line, bluish-white below (sometimes en-
tirely white) and rather thin, slightly iridescent with a wide, dark
prismatic border.
Length (of type) 73.5, height 62, diam. 41 mm.
Types (No. 33754, coll. Walker), from the Old River, Arka-
delphia, Arkansas. Co-types in the collections of the Carnegie
Museum, the Phil. Acad. of Science, the U. S. Nat. Museum, and
Rev. H. E. Wheeler.
The shell characters of this fine species and most interesting ad-
dition to our fauna are very peculiar and can be compared only with
Arcidens, to which genus, Arkansia, undoubtedly, is the closest
affinity. In general, the external appearance is quite similar, and
in both the smaller series of radiating wrinkles and the curved folds
of the dorsal slope are very much alike. But Arkansia is a much
heavier and more inflated shell, with the beaks fuller, more project-
ing and more anterior, and the strong, oblique folds, like those of
Quadru/a plicata, are peculiarly its own. It differs, also, entirely
in the beak sculpture, which is comparatively simple and confined to
the extremity of the beak, and is quite similar to that of certain
Quadrula. In hinge characters it differs in having strong, well-
developed laterals. In the presence of the interdental process in
the left valve and the cutting away of the interdentum in the right
valve opposite it, it is related to both Ara'dens and Symphynota.
The smallest specimen examined (in Mr. Wheeler's collection),
measures length, 35; heighth, 33, and diam. 23 mm., being almost
circular in shape, and looks, externally, very like a young, smooth
Q. pustulosa Lea, the oblique folds being only slightly evident in
the post-basal region.
A very large specimen, also in Mr. Wheeler's collection, measures
length, 87; height, 73, and diam. 48 mm.
The structure of the soft parts agrees entirely with that of the
subfamily Anodontmae, chiefly so the mantle edge and the outer
marsupial gill. Unfortunately only sterile females have, as yet,
been obtained, but it is hoped and expected that this deficiency will
soon be remedied.
We take great pleasure in naming this most interesting addition
to our fauna after its discoverer, the Rev. H. E. Wheeler of Arka-
100 THE NAUTILUS.
delphia, Ark., who is actively engaged in developing the fauna of
Arkansas. The generic name is an abbreviation of the name of its
native state.
THE ANATOMY OF THE NAJAD HYRIDELIA AUSTRALIS (LAMABCK)
( = DIPLODON AUSTBALIS).
BY A. E. ORTMANN.
Through the courtesy of Mr. L. S. Frierson, I have received the
soft parts of a male and a female of an Australian Najad, Diplodon
(Hyridella) australis (Lamarck) (see Simpson, Pr. U. S. Mus. 22,
1900, p. 890). Mr. Frierson obtained these specimens from Mr.
William T. Bednall, who collected them in Gippsland, Victoria. I
also received a shell which agrees well with specimens of this species
represented in the Carnegie Museum collections. An examination
of the soft parts revealed the following characters:
Anal opening (a) closed above by the connection of the inner
mantle edges, without forming a supraanal opening. Closed part
about four times as long as the anal opening, forming a rather broad
membrane between the outer mantle edges, and around the anal. The
latter is short, subcircular or slightly subelliptic, and much, shorter
than the branchial opening (only about one-fourth as long). It is
separated from the branchial opening by the solid union of the inner
mantle edges (m). Inner edge of anal practically smooth, that of
the branchial (b) with distinct papillae, which stop suddenly in
front, thus defining sharply the anterior end of this opening. There
is no sign of a coalescence of the two mantle halves at this point.
Farther in front, the inner mantle edge is smooth, and becomes in-
distinct anteriorly.
Palpi subtriangular, about as long as wide, with the posterior
point not produced. Posterior margins connected about half their
length.
Gills rather long and wide, the inner the wider, chiefly so an-
teriorly. Edge of inner gill with a longitudinal furrow, which is
absent in the outer gill. Outer gill gradually narrower anteriorly,
with its anterior end situated at the highest part of the mantle-
attachment-line. Inner gill very slightly narrower anteriorly, with
a broad anterior insertion occupying the whole space between the
THE NAUTILUS.
101
anterior end of the outer gill and the posterior base of the palpi.
However, this gill is not actually connected with the palpi, but its
anterior end begins immediately behind the posterior end of the
palpi.
Outer lamina of outer gills entirely connected with the mantle;
inner lamina of inner gill entirely connected with abdominal sac.
Posteriorly to the foot, the two inner laminae of the inner gills are
entirely connected, thus forming a diaphragm completely separating
the suprabranchial canals from the branchial cavity. This gill-
FIGURE 1.
.a
Anatomy of Hyridella australis (Lamark) (female). Side view of soft parts
after removal of left half of mantle, a, anal opening; b, branchial opening;
m, solid mantle connection between anal and branchial opening; x, hole by
which the cloacal and branchial chambers communicate.
diaphragm does not extend entirely to the posterior margin of the
mantle, and the posterior part of the diaphragm is formed by the
bridge (m) which unites the two mantle margins and separates the
anal from the branchial opening. But there is a small median hole
(x) between the posterior end of the gills and this bridge, connecting
the cloacal cavity (and anal opening} with the branchial cavity.
In all four gills of the male the two laminae are connected by
very faint, distant, and often incomplete and interrupted septa, run-
ning in the direction of the gill-filaments. The outer gill of the
female, and the most anterior and most posterior parts of the inner
gill have the same structure; the rest of the inner gill of the female
(its larger middle part) has marsupial structure (see figure), with
strongly developed interlamellar connections. In the sterile female
at hand, the solid parts are slightly elongated in the direction of the
102 THE NAUTILUS.
gill-filaments, and stand in rows, forming interrupted septa and in-
complete, intercommunicating water-tubes. Toward the base of the
gill the interruptions are short and the interlamellar connections
stand close together, resembling almost continuous septa. Toward
the edge of the gill the interlamellar connections are more distant,
showing a tendency to fall into transverse rows, but these are rather
irregular, and in some places an almost reticulate appearance is
presented.
The female examined is sterile, and thus nothing can be said
about the eggs and glochidia. A slide, belonging to the same
species, and kindly communicated by Mr. Frierson, shows vertical
cross sections through the inner gill of a female, containing eggs,
but no glochidia.
The rest of the soft parts offers nothing remarkable. The foot
has a sooty-black color in its distal parts, sharply marked off from
the whitish basal parts.
It is evident that this structure agrees to a remarkable degree with
that of the South American genus Hyria, described previously
NAUTILUS, 24, Jan. and Febr., 1911, pp. 108 and 114): In fact,
practically all the essential features are identical. The South Amer-
ican genera D/plodon, Castalina, and Tetroplodon possess the same
anatomy, except that in some of them we observe a tendency to
form a mantle-connection in front of the brachial opening.
The only differences I am able to discover in the Australian form
are: 1. The anal opening is much shorter and approaches more a
circular outline, and, at the same time, the united mantle edges form
a much broader membrane between the outer edges, and are broader
around the anal, so that is is probable that the ana) of the Australian
species was capable of being stretched out as a tubular "siphon,"
much more pronounced than in the South American forms; 2. An
unusual feature is the hole by which the cloacal cavity communicates
with the branchial under the bridge, which separates anal and branch-
ial openings. This hole is clearly seen in both of my specimens,
and does not look like an accidental or abnormal condition. I have
not seen anything like it in any South American form.
The connection of the posterior margins of the palpi probably is
of no consequence; there is great variability in this feature in other
groups.
It seems to me that the above differences are important. Of
THE NAUTILUS. 103
course their existence in other Australian species should be con-
firmed. For the present, I think, it is well to separate the Australian
form generically from the South American Diplodon, or, in other
words, we should give to the subgenus Hyridella Swainson, 1840,
generic rank. This is supported by the fact that Hyridella also
differs in certain shell characters from the typical D/'plodon, as haa
been recognized already by Simpson (1. c. p. 888).
One very important conclusion, however, is now finally estab-
lished : Simpson's opinion that the Najades of the type of Dlplodon
{Hyridella) australis are closely related to certain South American
forms (typical Diplodon), is fully just if ed, and there remains not the
slightest doubt about this. The structure of the soft parts of both
groups is so similar and so greatly different from the true UntonidaB
of the rest of the world, that Hyridella, no matter whether we regard
it as a genus or a subgenus% must be placed with the family
Mutelidae (?) and the subfamily Hyriinae (see NAUTILUS 24, March,
1911, pp. 129, 130). This affinity is of the utmost zooyeoyraphical
importance.
MUSCULIUM DECLIVE, N. SP.
BY V. STERKI.
Mussel rather small, subequipartite, slightly to moderately in-
flated ; beaks not or little anterior, somewhat prominent over the
valve margin ; the latter, anteriorly and posteriorly, straight or
slightly curved, forming the two shanks of a rounded angle between
the beaks, of about 130°, the posterior incline placed higher up than
the anterior; balance of the outlines rounded without any angles in
full-grown specimens ; in half grown and adolescent there is a short
truncation at the posterior margin, at right angles to the longitudinal
axis, and a similar one at the anterior, somewhat oblique ; in young
— post-nepionic — specimens, the posterior part of the mussel is
shorter and higher than the anterior ; surface glossy to waxy, with
very fine (microscopic), sharp, crowded, concentric striae, and
usually one or two lines of growth, and faint, irregular radial mark-
ings; shell thin, transparent to translucent ; color light amber, to
somewhat grayish or brownish in old specimens ; hinge rather long;
104 THE NAUTILUS.
left posterior cardinal tooth rather long, curved, the anterior small,
sharply pointed, strongly curved upward, corresponding with an ex-
cavation below the right cardinal; laminae [" laterals"] compara-
tively stout, the anterior of the left valve markedly projecting
inward; ligament rather long; long. 7, alt. 6, diam. 4 mill.; soft
parts not examined ; Justice Latchford writes that the mussel " is
of a bright chrome yellow when fresh, and seems to be unlike any
other."
Distribution : Blue Lake, Muskegon Co., Michigan, collected and
sent by Dr. R. J. Kirkland in 1899— the type lot, No. 16K7 of ray
collection of Sphceriidoe ; Pine Lake, Marquette Co., Mich., col-
lected by Mr. Bryant Walker in 1902 ; Gorman Lake, Renfrew
Co., Ont., collected by H. Justice F. R. Latchford in 1911. From
the two last named places the specimens are considerably smaller,
slighter, and little inflated, the nepionic shell is smaller, and in some
specimens barely or not marked off (restivale form).
This is a clearly distinct and well-marked species, apparently
ranging nearest M. rosaceum Pme. It should be looked (or at other
places, and especially fossil, in marl deposits, etc.
COLLECTING FBOM HADDOCK ON THE GEORGE'S BANKS.
BY w. F. CLAPP.
Many malacological students believe that shells taken from fish
stomachs have no practical locality. It has been argued that it
would be an easy matter for a haddock to change it's position 150
miles in 24 hours. It is possible that a fish may retain its food that
length of time. Therefore a shell, found in a haddock caught near
Cape Cod, may have been in Nova Scotia waters the day before.
This of course would apply only to those shells which had passed
through a considerable portion of the intestines, for one is sure of
the habitat of a shell in proportion to the distance it has traversed
the digestive tract. I believe that Gould and other authors who
have described shells found in fish, intend the word stomach to in-
clude the entire alimentary canal. Less than 5 per cent, of the
shells I have found in fish came from the stomach proper.
THE NAUTILUS. 105
My object in writing this note is merely to show plausible reason
for placing more confidence in fish-stomach localities. Under cer-
tain conditions I believe them to be fairly accurate.
On November 20, 1911, I examined the contents of nearly 1000
fish caught in "Cove Clark," Georges Bank, lat. 41.18 N., long.
68.40 W., in GO fathoms. This locality is known to fishermen as a
" spaghetti " spot, on account of the great masses of worm tubes found
on the muddy bottom. These worn tubes accumulate in such quan-
tities that it is almost impossible to use a beam trawl successfully. I
obtained several hundred specimens of Yoldia, Nucula and Leda
from haddock, also quantities of the worm tubes, but no gasteropods.
The dredge produced the same results with the addition of Cyrto-
daria siliqua Daudin and Panomya norvegica Spengl. to the Mol-
luscan fauna of this spot. It contained even a greater proportion of
the worm tubes. The similarity of the mass of animal life and mud
obtained from the fish stomachs to that obtained from the dredge
was very noticeable.
On November 21 the position of the vessel was changed to a sta-
tion about ten miles to the eastward. The depth here was about 40
fathoms, the bottom coarse gravel and there were no worm tubes.
The first haddock I examined from this new locality contained about
50 shells, nearly all of which were gasteropods. I examined over
500 haddock during the day and at dark had filled a ten-quart pail
with Mollusca.
The dredge was set six times during the day and the contents
compared in a surprising degree to the contents of the fish stomachs,
not only in Mollusca but in other phyla. Not one specimen of
Yoldia, Nucula or Leda could I find in either the dredge or the fish,
and yet ten miles to the eastward I had obtained plenty of all three,
from the haddock stomachs and from the dredge.
There is nothing definite in these observations. I do not insinu-
ate that all haddock-stomach localities would be as accurate as these
appear to be. It is only by recording an observation of this kind
that we can ever hope to arrive at definite knowledge on the subject.
I merely suggest the possibility that fish-stomach localities are more
accurate than most of us have generally supposed.
The following species were removed from haddock November 20
and 21, Lat. 41.18, Long. 68.40 W.
106
TUB NAUTILUS.
Puncturella noachina Linn.
Margarita cinerea Couth.
Solariella obscura Couth.
Scala groenlandica Perry.
Amauropsis helicoides Johnston.
Polinices heros Say.
triseriata Say.
inimaculata Tott.
nana Moll.
Natica clausa Brod. & Sowb.
Marsenina glabra Couth.
Trichotropis boreal is B. & S.
Crepidula plana Say.
Mesalia erosa Couth.
Aporrhais occidentalis Beck.
Couthouyella striatula Moll.
Nassa trivittata Say.
Chrvsodomus decemcostatus
«/
Say.
Sipho stimpsoni Morch.
pygmaeus Gould.
Buccinum undatum Linn.
Admete couthouyi Jay.
Bela incisula Verr.
cancellata M. & A.
gouldii, Verr.
pleurotomaria Couth.
nobilis Moll.
harpularia Couth.
decussata Couth.
bicarinata Couth.
bicarinata, var. violacea
M. & A.
rosea Sars.
concinnula Verr.
Cylichna alba Brown.
Retusa gouldii Couth.
Philine quadrata S. Wood.
lima Brown.
Dentalium entalis Linn.
Nucula tenuis Montg.
proxima Say.
Leda tenuisulcata Couth.
Yoldia limatula Say.
sapotilla Gould.
Solemya velum Say.
borealis Tott.
Anomia simplex d'Orb.
Mytilus edulis Linn.
Modiolus modiolu? Linn.
Modiolaria corrugata Stimp.
Crentlla glandula Tott.
decussala Montg.
Pecten islandicus Muller.
magellanicus Gmel.
Venericardia borealis Conrad.
novanglii Morse.
Astarte castanea Say.
quadrans Gould.
subaequilatera Sowb.
Cyclas islandica Linn.
Tliyasira gouldii Pliilippi.
Macoma calcarea Gmelin.
Spisula solidissima DMlwyn.
Cardium pinnulatum Conrad.
ciliatum Fabr.
Siliqua costata Say.
Saxicava arctica Linn.
Cyrtodaria siliqua Daud.
Thracia truncata M. & A.
For a more definite knowledge of the fauna of the "Georges'
one should consult the excellent paper by S. I. Smith and 0. Harger,
" Report on the dredgings in the region of St. George's Banks "
(Trans. Conn. Acad., Ill, pp. 1-57, 1876).
THE NAUTILUS. 107
LYMNJEIDJE OF AROOSTOOK COUNTY, MAINE.
BY OLOF O. NYLANDER.
In recording some additional notes on the Lymnseidae of Aroostook
County, I have followed Mr. Frank Baker's valuable work on the
Lymnaeidse of North and Middle America. Galba umbHicata is the
Limnsea humilis and G. obrussa the L. desidiosa of my previous lists.
Galba umbilicuta C. B. Adams. Fine specimens of this species
were common in damp places and ditches along the roads in Caribou
and surrounding towns.
Gulba obrussa Say. This variable shell is common in the Aroo-
stook River. The following varieties are most prevalent :
Galba obrussa peninsula Walker. Specimens were collected in
the southeastern part of the town of Castle Hill, in wet places along
the road.
Galba obrussa exigua Lea. Common on rocks at low water in
Aroostook River. Many colonies were found in Caribou stream,
and some are exceedingly variable, hardly two specimens being
exactly alike.
Galba obrussa decampi Streng. A common fossil in the marl de-
posits of Aroostook County. Living specimens were found in a
small brook, tributary to the south branch of Caribou stream in
Woodland and in Salmon brook.
Galba emarginata Say. Many colonies were found in Fish River.
Galba emarginata miylielsi W. G. Binney. Square Lake, Cross
Lake. Eagle Lake and Portage Lake, all on the Fish River. The
specimens from Square Lake are typical of this variety, and are the
largest and finest specimens known.
Galba oronensis Baker. A large colony of this species was found
in Caribou village where the Caribou stream enters the Aroostook
River. The specimens were found on rocks at low water. The
color of the animal is bluish-black or mouse color.
The Caribou stream is full of rubbish from the starch factories,
saw-mills and grist mills, and the refuse of the village which fur-
nishes the G. oronensis with abundance of food. There is one
potato-starch factory about three hundred feet from the shells, and
sometimes the colony is nearly covered with the refuse from this
108 THE NAUTILUS.
place. I have examined the river for many miles, but have never
found any of the shells elsewhere.
NOTES ON PHYSA GYRINA.
BY A. A. IIINKLET.
A small spring, the basin of which has been dug to the depth of
three feet or more and walled with rock to the surface of the ground,
has been the home of Physa gyrina for many years. The water
spreads out some as it leaves the basin and then drains into a ditch
nearby.
Until this year, this colony has been nearly typical of the species.
On April 28th I noticed that there was quite a number of good-
sized shells around the borders of the basin, and on examining them
was surprised to find an unusual roughened or malleated surface
amounting to folds and humps on some individuals. The roughened
surface was confined to the last stage of growth, which rarely ex-
tended back much over half the whorl. On this date egg-masses
were numerous on and under leaves, which were in the shallow
water. All mature shells I could find were taken for my cabinet.
On May 8th a few more mature shells were found, at this time
most of the eggs had hatched and the minute shells were very
numerous.
November 26th a visit to the spring in the morning surprised a
pair of kildee plovers feeding in the shallow water, no Physa were
visible around the borders, a few were found under leaves, but the
shells could be seen on the bottom of the basin, and where the water
issues from the rock they were piled up several deep.
Afternoon I returned with a net and took some fifty of the
largest, most of these have two callus deposits or bands, and a few
three ; these bands are not the same on any two shells, they may be
close together or half a whorl apart, the last one may be the borders
of the outer lip or as far as one-fourth of a whorl back. The lines
of growth may be a little stronger than usual, but none of these
shells show the roughened surface of those taken seven months ago.
It will be interesting to see what develops by the time the year is past.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XXV. FEBRUARY, 1912. No. 1O
NOTES ON THE VARIATION OF 8TROMBUS PUGILIS.
BT CHARLES W. JOHNSON.
A large series of Strombus pugilis Linne, with its varieties alatus
Gmel. and nicaraguensis Fluck, together with its Pacific analogue,
S. gracilior Sowb., and their Oligocene precursors, S. proximus
Sowb. and S. pugiloides Guppy, form a very interesting group for
studying the evolution and variation of a species.
Young specimens (lacking the body whorl) differ even more in
general appearance than the adults. The apices of most specimens
are usually wanting, but a young example of the typical form and
one of the variety alatus, in the collection of the Boston Society of
Natural History, show the following differences : In pugilis the first
two whorls are entirely smooth ; the third with obsolete longitudinal
ribs ; the fourth, fifth and sixth with prominent ribs and two or three
varices to each whorl, but without spiral lines ; seventh with ribs,
spirals and varices ; eighth nodulose, with a varix and prominent
spirals ; ninth nodulose, with prominent spirals ; tenth with coarse
spirals and fine intermediate lines ; the row of nodules are almost
covered by the following whorl ; the eleventh (preceding the body
whorl) has long spines at the periphery, a few spirals below the suture
and at the anterior half, the remainder of the whorl being smooth ;
length of specimen 42 mm.
In the specimen of alatus the protoconch is broken, but a part of the
third whorl would indicate two smooth whorls, as in pugilis; the
110 THE NAUTILCS.
fourth whorl has some obsolete longitudinal ribs and spiral lines at
the base ; thejifth, sixth and seventh have prominent longitudinal ribs
and spirals, without varices ; eiyhth with similar sculpture and one
varix ; on the ninth the ribs and spirals form slight nodules at the
shoulder, with one varix ; tenth subnodose with coarse spirals ; eleventh
subnodose with coarse spiral ridges and fine intermediate lines cover-
ing the entire whorl. Length 49 mm.
Though larger, it is apparently the same age as the specimen of
the typical form. Whether the above characters will prove to be
constant I cannot say. The typical form seems to assume the larger
spines of the adult one whorl in advance of the variety alatus. The
variety nicaraguensis is smaller than either pugilis or alatus, and the
spiral ridges usually cover the entire body whorl of the adult shells.
S. gracilior loses its spirals much earlier than S. pugilis.
In the adults there are some marked variations both in color and
form. The typical pugilis is less variable in color, ranging from an
orange-yellow to carnelian-rtd ; alatus varies from white to purple,
and from a purplish brown to deep orange or carnelian-red. Exter-
nally pugilis is usually a uniform yellowish brown, while alatus
varies from a light yellow to a dark brown, the latter color often dis-
posed in bands or zigzag markings; nicaraguensis is of a uniform
dark salmon color.
The length and shape of the spines vary in both forms. A figure
in Chemnitz (Conch. Cabinet, X, tab. 196, f. 1493), shows the rows
of spines at the periphery ; the two united would give the broad, ver-
tically compressed spines as figured by Clienu (Manuel Conch., I,
p. 225, fig. 1582). In the many specimens which I have examined
I have never seen these forms ; they probably represent unique ab-
normal specimens. Tryon is wrong in making the non-spinose form
of alatus typical. The figure referred to by Gmelin (Conch. Cab-
inet, III, tab. 91, f. 894) is the common brown form of Florida, with
a row of subacute tubercles on the body whorl. Lamarck, under S.
pyrulatus, refers to the same figure. Specimens of alatus, in which
the tuberculate spines are entirely wanting, are not common, only
about five or ten per cent. I found the greatest number at Marco,
Florida. A spineless form of pugilis has also been recorded. A
specimen in the Boston Society's collection has the spines wanting in
the greater portion of the body whorl, as figured by Knorr, III, tab.
16, fig. 1.
THE NAOTILU8. Ill
LAND MOLLUSKS OF GARRETT COUNTY, MAEYLAND.
BY WITMEK STONE.
While the writer is not a conchologist, he has for a good many
years been picking up such land snails as came in his way in the
course of field work in other branches, and submitting them to Dr.
Pilsbry for the collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences, at
Philadelphia. With an experience limited mainly to the eastern half
of Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey, where snail shells are
conspicuous by their scarcity and small size, his enthusiasm for con-
chology did not rise to a very high pitch, and it is therefore not sur-
prising that his first experience in a region where land snails really
did thrive and multiply impressed him not a little.
The first visit to Garrett county, Maryland, was made in June,
1907, in company with Messrs. Bayard Long and Thomas D. Keim.
We stopped at the little lumber village of Jennings, as the guests of
Mr. Herman Behr, who was in charge of the timber operations, and
who gave us every possible assistance in carrying on zoological and
botanical collecting, and whose personal knowledge of the country
and its flora and fauna was invaluable.
Jennings is located near the head of the Castleman River, a branch
of the Youghiogheny, which flows down into Somerset county, Pa.,
directly north, and is bounded on the east by Meadow Mountain and
the west by Negro Mountain, 2000 to 3000 feet elevation, the former
being the watershed between the Potomac and Ohio drainage.
Castleman River is lined for a good part of its course will) rocky
woodland of hemlock, sugar maple, beech, birch, oak, etc., much
more varied in character and with a larger percentage of hard wood
than the primeval forests of the central Pennsylvania mountains.
These woods are often dark and damp with quantities of loose stones
and rocks forming their floor, partly covered by moss and low herbs,
but with numerous miniature caves and passages extending down
among them, and old moss covered tree-trunks here and there in all
stages of decay. During the two days of our stay there was an almost
constant drizzling rain, which, however unpleasant it might have
been for collectors, was ideal weather for snails. They simply
swarmed on old stumps, logs, rocks, and even on the stems and
leaves of herbs and low shrubs. A modest tin box brought along
112 THE NAUTILUS.
for the accommodation of casual snails and other lower forms of life
was soon filled to the brim, then a couple of handkerchiefs knotted
into loose bags accommodated a quart or so, until it became evident
that the size of the catch was only a question of the time at our dis-
posal, and attention was directed to other fields.
A second trip of a week's duration was made to Jennings in
August, 1911. The weather was clear, and this fact, together with
the heat of midsummer, drove the snails into subterranean retreats,
so that they did not seem so numerous, although a good series was
obtained and more attention directed to the smaller species, yielded
a number of forms not secured in the first trip.
Vitrea carolinensis, a species of the southern Alleghenies, was ob-
tained at Jennings, extending its known range very materially to the
northward ; also Mesomphyx laevigata monticola, a southern Alle-
ghenian shell already known from a little farther north in Pennsyl-
vania. Vitrea ferrea, of boreal distribution, not known south of the
Pocono Mountain in Pennsylvania and Ohio, so far as I am awai'e,
was also secured.
While these species are interesting to a student of geographic dis-
tribution and coincided nicely with similar cases of range among the
birds and plants, the big Polygyras were what really appealed to me.
In eastern Pennsylvania P. thyroides is the only land shell of any
size that is generally distributed, though favorable localities yield
moderate-sized P. albolabris, and towards the mountains we come
upon an occasional Omphalina cuprea. But here at Jennings we had
an abundance of good, big P. albolabris, as well as of P. profunda,
P. zaleta and P. dentifera, and now and then the northern P. sayana
and P. pciltiata, together with a dozen species of medium size, only
four of which are found in eastern Pennsylvania.
My first collection was placed in a wooden cigar-box in order to
keep them alive, and next morning I had the pleasure of seeing them
festooning the bureau and looking-glass in my bed-room, long, slimy
trails marking their line of escape. The combined strength of the
big fellows had been enough to topple the weight off the lid and so
enable them to force their way out.
I am greatly indebted to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry and Mr. E. G.
Vanatta for identifying my material, all of which is now in the col-
lection of the Academy. A list of the species follows, as it seems
important in view of the rapid deforestation of this country, to pre-
THE NAUTILUS. 113
serve records of the relative abundance of all forms of life where pri-
meval conditions still remain :
Polygyra tridentata Say. Common.
Polygyra fraudulenta Pilsbry. Frequent.
Polygyra profunda Say. Common.
Polygyra sayana Pilsbry. Three examples.
Polygyra albolabris Say. Common, but no specimen of variety
dentata.
Polygyra zaleta Binney. Common.
Polygyra dentifera Say. Common.
Polygyra palliata Say. Frequent.
Polygyra monodon fraterna Say. Frequent.
The Polygyras were most abundant in damp, dark woodland.
Curiously enough, I found not a single specimen of P. thyroides or
P. hirsuta. The former has been taken by Mr. S. Brown at Laurel
Ridge, Somerset county, Pa., and the latter at Ohio Pyle, Fayette
county, Pa. Possibly they do not push so far back into the moun-
tains as the other species.
Bifidaria corticaria Say. Eight specimens.1
Bifidaria contracta Say. Two specimens.
Vertigo gouldii Binney. Eighteen specimens.
Circinaria cancava Say. Common.
Omphalina cuprea Raf. Common.
Mesomphyx inomata Say. Common ; most frequent on dead
leaves on the floor of the forest.
Mesomphyx laevigata monticola Pilsbry. Three examples.
Vitrea indentata Say. Twelve specimens.
Vitrea carolinensis Cockll. One specimen.
Vitrea mnltidentata Binn. Two specimens.
Vitrea ferrea Mse. Four specimens.
Vitrea milium Mse. Two specimens.
Zonitoides arborca Say. Common.
Gaslrodonta intertexta Binney. Several.
Gastrodonta ligero Say. Frequent. This and the preceding
seemed to be most abundant in open sugar-maple groves.
'Mr. Vanatta kindly sifted a quantity of dirt and leaves, collected for
Pupidae, etc., and the actual number of specimens of these minute species ob-
tained from it are given as a possible indication of their abundance.
114 THE NAUTILUS.
Philomycus carolinensis Bosc. Common.
Pyramidula alternata Say. Common, especially on tree-trunks.
Pyramidula perspectives Say. Common on fallen logs.
Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Two specimens.
Carychium exile Lea. Three specimens.
OPEAS GRACILE (BUTTON) IN THE UNITED STATES.
BY HERBERT H. SMITH.
During a hurried collecting excursion in the outskirts of Mobile
(low land near the river) I found a single specimen of Opeas gracile.
The Museum of the Geological Survey of Alabama has three lots of
this species, all collected near Mobile, respectively by Dr. E. R.
Showalter, Dr. Charles Mohr and Mr. H. P. Loding. It appears to
be rather common, at least in the immediate vicinitj of the city.
Dr. Pilsbry's list of localities (Man. Conch., XVIII, pp. 198, 199)
shows that it is found all around the Caribbean Sea, on both sides of
Cuba and Santo Domingo and on the Gulf coast of Mexico. Whether
or not it is indigenous on the Alabama coast remains to be seen. It
is a shore species, hardly ever found more than a mile or two from
the sea, and it might easily be transported on timber which has lain
on the beach, or in ballast. On the other hand, it should be re-
membered that we know very little of the land-snails living on or
near our Gulf coasts. The question of a recent or older introduction
of this species can only be settled when we have studied the Alabama
coast region thoroughly ; if it is a recent introduction, its range must
be limited to the immediate vicinity of Mobile and perhaps the
upper bay ; if it is older it will, no doubt, be found on the low lands
of Baldwin county, and in Florida.
Not feeling quite sure of my determination, I sent specimens of the
shell to Mr. Bryant Walker. In a recent letter he says: "It is
Opeas gracile Hutt. as you suspected. There are no published U. S.
records that I know of, but last spring, when I was in Charleston,
S. C., Mr. W. G. Mazyck gave me some that he had collected there
and said it was very abundant in that one locality." In this case it
seems very probable that the species has been introduced by com-
merce.
Museum of the Geological Survey of Alabama, Sept. 6, 191 J.
THE NAUTILUS. 115
NOTE Under the synonymous name Stenogyra subula Pfr. this
species was reported from Mobile by W. G. Binney, Manual of
American Land Shells, p. 426, noted in Man. Conch., vol. 18, p.
199.
0. gracile was taken by Mr. C. T. Simpson and myself on Key
West in 1907. It is particularly abundant in the cemetery. It was
not found by us on the other Keys, and did not turn up in the copi-
ous collections made by Mr. Moore in the Ten Thousand Islands.
It seems likely, therefore, that the species was introduced by com-
merce at Key West and Mobile. Binney also speaks of it as
" introduced." — ED.
DEIFT SHELLS FROM TEXAS.
BY V. STERKI.
Mr. Bryant Walker has kindly sent me a portion — about half a
pint — of fine drift siftings, gathered from the Paluxy Creek, at
Glenrose, Somervell Co., Texas, southwest of Fort Worth. It con-
tained a large number of mollusk shells, of various groups, many of
which are interesting with respect to distribution, or systematics, or
both, as the list will show.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say), a few, juv. and immature.
Z. minuscu/us (Binn.), numerous and variable ; mainly two forms :
one with the whorls narrow and the umbilicus very wide, especially
by the last whorl receding outward towards the aperture, and even
ascending above on the penultimate ; the other with the whorls
wider and the umbilicus narrower. Beside these, there are a few
specimens very small, with narrow whorls.
Z. Iteviusculus (St.), numerous, but few specimens full-sized.
Z. singleyanus (Pils.), var., numerous, somewhat variable.
Z. nummus (Van.), about 40.
Z. miiium (Mse.), about 30.
Vitrea indentata (^ay), a few dozen, juv. and half-grown.
V. dalliana roemeri (Pilsbry), about a dozen.
Helicodiscus lineafus (Say), a few.
Punctum pygmceum (Drap.), about 150.
116 THE NAUTILUS.
Strobilops affinis (Pils. or near), mostly juv. and adolescent, few
mature.
Bulimulus dealbalus mooreanus (W. G. Binn.?), a few juv.
Polygyra, a few juv.
Pupoides marginaia (Say), about 30 or more, juv.; generally small
(larger specimens probably retained on the sieve).
Bifidaria corticaria (Say), two.
B. tappaniana (Ad.), numerous ; part are quite small and low
(f. curtd).
B. pentodon (Say), numerous and somewhat variable ; generally
small.
B. pentodon floridana (Dall), a few and intermediate forms.
B. holzingeri (St.), one.
B. procera (Gld.), about 60.
B. duplicata (St.), new, abundant; somewhat variable as to size ;
brown to light horn to colorless (albino).
This Bifidaria has been known for many years, but was not pub-
lished. It is much like B. procera cristata Pils., averaging slightly
smaller, but differs mainly by its parieto-angular lamella, being
always long and complex, while that of cristata is shorter and ap-
parently simple, and it ranges nearer procera than cristata does.
The latter is known from New Mexico and Arizona, duplicata from
New Mexico to Texas (southwest, south and north) to Kansas.
Among the present material not one specimen was seen which even
approached cristata. More details in regard to the relations of these
and other Blfidarice of the group will be given elsewhere.
B. hordeacella (Pils.), abundant ; mostly of the typical form, but
somewhat variable ; some specimens quite small with fewer whorls ;
a few are albinos. One specimen is reversed (sinistrorse).
B. contracta (Say), abundant, with little variation.
B. armifera (Say), a few juv. only.
Vertigo miliutn (Gld.), 2.
V. rugosula (St.), one ; known from Florida to southern Texas.
Carychium cxiguum (Say), about 20.
G. exile (Lea).
Lymn&a (Galba) parva (Lea?), a few.
Lymnaa (Sp.), one, juv., very small.
Planorbis parvus (Say), a few dozen.
P.carus P51s& Ferr. (?), 2 juv.; somewhat like parvus, but smaller
THE NAUTILUS. 117
and more depressed [not umbilicatellus Ckll.]. These are fresh,
while all parvus are chalky.
P. bicarinalus (Say), one juv.
Physa, a few juv., very small, apparently of a small and slender
form.
ffelicina, probably orbiculata (Say), juv. only. Two opercula of
an Amnicolid.
Paludestrina diaboli (Pilsbry).
Pisidium limatulum (St.), one, immature; known from Alabama
and Mississippi.
P. singleyi (St.), one adult and one juv.; known from Alabama to
Mexico.
Eupera singleyi Pils. (?), one puerile, somewhat different from the
southern Texas; less inflated, beaks pointed.
Remarkable is the abundance of some Bifidarice compared with
the scarcity of others and of Vertigo ; also the total absence of
Vallonia.
Drift material is a valuable asset for faunal studies, giving "point-
ers," and should be carefully collected wherever possible. It might
be suggested, by the way, that not too fine a sieve or strainer should
be used, one of about six meshes to the inch, although the sittings
may become rather bulky.
But then local collecting should be done in order to have the
species and forms from their several habitats, the specimens fresh,
with the soft parts, for studying their relations. In the present in-
stance this would be desirable especially with respect to the small
Zontiidee, which appear to need a careful revision on good material
from many places.
To Dr. Pilsbry I am indebted for the identification of some species.
NOTE ON THE OCCUREENCE OF A GIANT SQUID OFF THE CALIFORNIA
COAST.
BY 3. S. BERRY.
Outside of Alaska the largest species of squid which has hereto-
fore been recognized from the Pacific Coast of North America is the
Dosidicus gigas (d'Orbigny), which ranges north at least as far as
118 THE NAUTILUS.
Monterey, and is in proper season a fairly frequent inhabitant of the
waters just off shore, attaining a length of four or five feet. It is
with considerable interest, therefore, that I have recently received
information from Dr. C. H. Gilbert, of Stanford University, regard-
ing the occurrence of a much more formidable species, as represented
by a single specimen found dead and floating on the surface of
Monterey Bay by some of the Monterey fishermen in June, 1911.
The monster was brought to shore and dragged up on the wharf,
where it was measured by one of the men receiving fish and cast
back into the water. He reported that its dimensions, inclusive of
the tentacles, were over thirty feet. The animal was in very bad
condition, there was no color left, and the epidermis had all sloughed
off. Unfortunately, Dr. Gilbert was not at Monterey the particular
day that the creature came in and did not himself see the specimen,
so no attempt was made to preserve any portions whatever for pur-
poses of identification. Although it would be fatuous to hazard a
suggestion as to what species was here represented, we can at least
affirm that it was most certainly not D. gigas.
Of course newspaper and magazine accounts of off-shore encounters
with even more titanic monsters than this one are frequent enough,
but from the nature of the case it seems worth while to place even
the most meager facts on record whenever any really definite data
are to be obtained.
Stanford University, October 8, 1911.
A NEW PLANORBIS FROM MICHIGAN.
FRANK C. BAKER.
Mr. Frank Smith, Associate Professor of Zoology of the Illinois
State University, recently submitted some molluscan material for
identification, collected in Douglas Lake, Cheboygan county, Mich-
igan. Among the Planorbis is one form which seems to have been
unnoticed, and which is easily separable from all other forms. It
may be described as follows :
PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS SMITHII nov. var.
Shell discoidal, solid, the aperture sinistral ; periostracum light
THE NAUTILUS. 119
horn colored, frequently stained reddish from the iron oxide in the
water; surface shining, lines of growth very heavy, more or less rib-
like, equidistant ; spiral lines absent or very faint ; whorls 4^, closely
coiled ; spire flat, or a little convex, all but the last whorl coiled in
the same plane ; umbilicus wide and deep, somewhat funnel-shaped,
exhibiting two and one-half whorls ; the whorls are sharply carinated
above and below, the last whorl being particularly so marked ; this
carination of the whorls causes a flattening of the periphery ; the last
whorl at a point about midway suddenly bends upward, causing the
aperture to be elevated half the diameter of the whorl above the spire,
and also causing the umbilicus to form a crater-like contour when
viewed laterally ; aperture campanulate, wider below and angled
above ; the sutures are distinctly marked, even channeled in some
specimens; outer lip sharp; inner lip appressed to body whorl,
which is covered with a callus.
Height of Greatest Least Aperture Aperture
last whorl diameter diameter height breadth
9.00 17.00 12.50 9.00 6.50
8.50 16.75 13.50 8.50 8.50
8.00 15.00 11.75 7.00 6.00
7.50 18.00 13.50 8.50 8.00
This was at first thought to be Ball's rudentis^ but by a compar-
ison with his description1 and with specimens believed to be au-
thentic, it was seen to be quite different. The spire of rudentis is
flat and elevated above the last whorl, forming, as observed by Dall,
an aspect like a miniature coiled hawser. In smithii the spire is
depressed and more or less funnel-shaped. In rudentis the last whorl
is deflected, being on a plane or a trifle below the base of the shell,
while in smithii the last whorl is elevated far above the plane of the
spire. The umbilical region is also very different in smithii. The
sharply carinated whorls also afford a striking difference. Typical
campcmulatus is smaller, the whorls are usually coiled in the same
plane and the whorls are rounded and not sharply angulated. P.
smithii was at first thought to be a good species, but the presence of
the typical form in the lake, which shows marked variation toward
the smithii type, leads to its restriction as a strongly marked variety.
1 Alaska Moll., p. 90.
120 THE NAUTILD8.
Over 200 specimens of the new variety have been examined and its
novelty seems constant. Both rudentis and smithii represent
extremes of variation of a common type. It is named in honor of
Professor Frank Smith, who collected the specimens.
NOTES.
POLYGYRA CLARKII BRADLEYI n. var. Similar to typical clarkii,
but lacks the basal tooth. It has the base malleate but without
strong radial sculpture.
Alt. 10.5, diam. 14 mm.
Locality : Black Rock Mt., Rabun Co., Georgia. Type in the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 104800. Named
in honor of the collector, Dr. J. Chester Bradley. Figured on plate
VIII, to appear next month- E. G. VANATTA.
MAINE PEARLS. — Fresh-water pearls are obtained in Maine, as
far as I know, exclusively from Margaritana margaritifera Linn6.
Eight or nine years ago this noble mollusk was abundant in the small
streams about my home at Buckfield, Maine; but its numbers have
since been regrettably thinned by the ravages of pearl-hunters.
Probably, however, it will not be exterminated, since some individ-
uals will remain in hidden and inaccessible situations.
I have found pearls rather copiously while collecting large mature
shells for specimens ; but most of them were dull oy leaden-colored.
The largest shells found exceeded six inches in length.
I recently conversed with a carpenter of Turner, Maine, who has
hunted pearls in his spare time. He did not destroy the clams in-
discriminately, as is done by the more ignorant and reckless pearl-
hunters, but only opened those which indicated by some external
malformation the probable presence of a pearl. He said that many
of the clams lived buried completely below the surface. These were
imbedded in the sand at the bottom of the brook and covered by a
layer of mud of vegetable origin perhaps six inches thick.
He found one very large and fine pearl, spherical, " about as big
as a marble," in a conspicuously deformed shell. This brought him
$400, and it may be presumed that the ultimate purchaser paid a
considerably larger sum for it — JOHN A. ALLEN.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XXV. MARCH, 1912. No. 11
THE MOLLUSCA OF MONTE SANO, ALABAMA.
BY H. E. AVHEELER.
Monte Sano is one of the most picturesque spurs of the Cumber-
land Plateau. It is situate in Madison County, Alabama, just east
of the Huntsville meridian, and rises nearly 1000 feet1 above the
valley in which the city of Huntsville lies.
Going east from the heart of Huntsville the pike first crosses &
ridge known as Little Mountain, the home of many a choice shell,
and then winds its way up the noble brow of Monte Sano, and
around to its eastern slope, giving an all-around view of the splendid
valleys below from the south and west to the north and east.
From the city the distance is nearly five miles. On account of its salu-
brious climate it is far famed as a summer resort.
In all this limestone region many " Big Springs" are to found.
They issue from large caves, or rise from the foot of a bluff, continu-
ing oftentimes on the surfaces the course of subterranean creeks, per-
haps connecting some of the smaller rivers at their sinks with the
Tennessee River which is but ten miles distant from Huntsville on
the south. These springs furnish the coldest water in the state.
The valleys of the table lands are the work wholly of erosion,* and
'The elevation of Monte Sano is given on the topographic sheets of the U. S0
Geological Survey as 1600 feet.
'See McCalley, Valley Regions of Alabama, I. p. 14 seq .
122 THE NAUTILUS.
are everywhere developing many deep and shaded coves, which for
the trained collector are a thing of beauty and a joy forever.
The mountain streams of north Alabama flow through a region as
attractive to the tourist a-* it is fascinating to the collector. Who
knows what knowledge lies buried in the dashing waters of Hurricane
Creek, or waits some intrepid wader in the numerous shoals of Flint
and Paint Rock rivers?
Monte Sano is already a classic collecting ground. Years ago it
was made famous by its subcarboniferous fossils, and many a botanist
lias climbed with eagerness its precipitous slopes. Here the curious
C III Mam wood (the Great American Smoke Tree) — Cotinus cotiiioides
(Nutt.) Britton, whose type locality is the Grand River, Arkansas,
finds a congenial home.1 It is not improbable that it was rediscov-
ered by Buckley on this very mountain.
But to the conchologist Monte Sano is chiefly interesting as the
type locality of three land shells, all of which were introduced to
science by that indefatigable naturalist, Professor Herbert H. Smith,
whose versatility of rnind, keenness of vision, and scientific caution
universally commend him.
Carycltium nnnndes Clapp,* is one of the smallest, if not the small-
est, of all land shells. It prefers the damp woods, hiding between
half-decayed leaves in sheltered situations, near the mountain top.
Vitrea lewi&inna Clapp,8 is slill to be considered one of our rarest
shells. The yellow animal is clearly visible through the thin white
shell, and when crawling on the under surface of the dull-colored
rocks, which it seems to prefer, makes a most pleasing picture.
Polyyyra sinitlrii Clapp,* has a very evident fondness for mud and
clay. Even when it shows itself on some damp day in the crevices
of an old wall, or on a pile of rocks, its hirsute epidermis betrays its
domicile, and often, under logs, it is found partially buried or
" balled " in clay. When cleaned up, however, by gently brushing
under tepid water, a method which preserves the luiirs (and for
'Mohr, Plant Life of Alabama, pp. 34, 64, COO, and Plate VI. See also
Gattiiijjer, Flora of Tennesseo, p. 114, where for "Limestone County,'' read
"Madison County "
'NAUTILUS, Vol. XIX, p. 91.
'NAUTILUS, Vol XXI, pp. 120. 130.
*NAUTILUS, Vol. XIX, pp. 73, 74.
THE NAUTILUS. 123
wliicli important discovery we are also indebted to Professor Smith),
it makes a most attractive appearance.
The following list cannot be complete, or even nearly so, as the
writer was able to do only occasional field work in a busy pastorate
of a single year at, Hunlsville. The species listed wen; collected
partly on Monte Sano and partly from the contiguous territory.
The determinations have been made largely by Mr. Bryant Walker,
although I am indebted to Mr. Geo. H. Clapp and to Professor
Smith for much help.
GAhTKOPODA.
ff elicit/ a.
Helicina orbiculata Say. Common. Thousands may be gathered
on damp days from the cedar trees or from the moss-grown limestone
rocks. The Pyramidulus and Pup/dee are also lovers of cedar.
Helicinidee.
Polygyra plicata Say.
Polygyra troostiana Lea. This and the preceding species are gre-
garious. But the one species is not apt Jo be found in association
with the other.
Polygyra fraudulenta Pils. Common on all the mountains, but
Polyyyra tridenlnta Say, though probably here, was not collected.
Polygyra infiecta Say.
Polygyra albohibris Say.
Polygyra fuscolabris Pils. The racial validity of this species im-
presses the collector more than it would the student within doors. It
is a shell of the mountain tops, choosing the crevices of large rocks
and cave entrances preferably, though sometimes found under logs.
It is not easy to bridge the gap between this and (tlbolabris by a
series collected in the same locality. The pink lip, however, is not
a constant character, being nearly as often while as pink. But its
larger size, splendid symmetry and richer color readily endorse it for
specific rank.
Polygyra zaleta Binn. More common on the lower ridges. Here
it often develops a lilac u bloom." Polygyra elcrutn Say, not found
on Monte Sano, is reported from Gurley, Alabama, collected by
Prof. Smith.
Polygyra palliata Say. Collected by Prof. Smith in the lowlands
south of Huntsville, July, 1910.
124 THE NAUTILUS
Polygyra obstricta Say.
Polygyra obstricta carolinensis Lea. Between the species and the
variety there is no dividing line.
Polygyra sargentiana J. and P. A young shell from the south
end of Monte Sano is certainly this species. At Gurley, ten miles
east of Huntsville, a smooth form of sargentiana is common, and will
likely be found also on Monte Sano.
Polygyra appressa Say. Quite common in gardens.
Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pils. Appressa is the common
form in this region, contrary to the usual collector's experience in
North Alabama.
Polygyra thyroides, Say.
Polygyra spinosa, Lea.
Polygyra stenotrema, Fer.
Polygyra hirsuta, Say var. Differs constantly from typical hir-
suta by its smaller size and pronounced apertural features.
Polygyra fraterna alicite, Pils.
Polygyra rugeli, Shutt.
Polygyra smithii, Clapp.
Bulimulidce.
Bulimulus dealbatus, Say.
Pupillidse.
Strobilops labyrinthica, Say, var.
Pupoides marginatus, Say.
Bifidaria proceni, Gld.
Bih'daria armif'era, Say.
Bifidaria tappaniana, C. B. Ads.
Vertigo rugosula, Sterki.
Vertigo ovata, Say.
Vertigo concinnula, Ckll. Very rare. Previously reported only
from the Rooky Mountain region ; determined by Dr. Pilsbry.
Circinariida.
Circinaria concava, Say.
Zonitida.
Omphalina kopnodes, W. G. Binn. This species attains its maxi-
mum development in this region. It is an abundant species, prefer-
ring the lower ridges rather the mountain-tops.
THK NAUTILUS. 125
Mesompliix laevigata, Pfr.
Mesomphix hevigata latior, Pils. Save in a cliaracteristic green
color, this subspecies is almost inseparable from laevigata ipse.
Vitrea carolinensis, Ckll.
Vitrea indeniata, Say.
Vitrea levvisiana, Clapp.
Vitrea (Paravitrea) capsella, Gould.
Vitrea radiatula electrina, var. circumstriata, Taylor. Tliis shell
has also been identified from Arkadelphia, Arkansas by Mr. George
H. Clapp. The species may be found all the way between, but
Arkansas is at present its southwestern limit.
Vitrea (Paravitren) multiifentata Binn. This extra-limital locality
for multidentata evidences the keenness of Mr. Smith's eyes. It is
very rare, and found only in sequestered cleavages of the rocks on
the mountain terrace.
Euconulus chersinus Say.
Enconulus sterkii Dall. Only one specimen found.
Zonitoides arboreus Say.
Zonitoides minusculus Say.
Zonitoides milium Morse.
Gastrodonta suppressa Say.
Gastrodonta inierna Say.
Gastrodonta ligera Say.
Gastrodonta g ilaris Say.
Gastrodonta demissa Binn.
Gastrodonta collisella Pils. Rare.
Endodontidce.
Pyramidula alternata Say.
Pyramidula cumberlandiana Lea. Found on Smither's Mountain,
a peak five miles northwest of Huntsville. Not on Monte Sano.
Pyramidula perspectiva Say.
Helicodiscus parallelus Say.
Punclum pygmaeum Drap.
Succinea sp.?
Lymnaida.
Lymnzea humilis Say.
Lymnaea columella Say.
126 THE NAUTILUS.
Lymnaea obrussa Say (— desicliosa Binn.).
Ancylus sp.? Braham's Springs, west ol Huntsville.
Ancylus sp. nov. Mastin's Luke, two miles north of Huntsville.
Ancylus sp. Collected from Braham's Springs, west of Hunisville.
Planorbis parvus Say.
Planorbis parvus Say, var. A minute form from Mastin's Lake,
which may prove to be new.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say.
Planorbis alabamensis Pils. ?
PJauorbis trivolvis Say. Flat form.
Pliysida.
Physa sp. Tliese shells collected in Mastin's Lake are probably
crocatu Lea (Walker), which is, however, only a lorm of microstoma
Haiti. (Crandall). See NAUTILI s, Vol. XV, p. 70.
Physa halei Lea. Braham Springs.
Physa distorta Hald. From Big Spring Creek.
A uriculida.
Carychium exile H. C. Lea.
Carychium nanodes Clapp.
Pleuroceratida,
Goniobasis striatula Lea.
Pleurocera excuratum Con.
Pleurocera brumbyi Lea. This and the two preceding species were
collected from Big Spring Creek.
Pleurocera currierianum Lea. From Bird Spring.
In " The Fresh Water and Land Shells of Alabama," by Dr.
James Lewis, M. D., Goniobnsis perstriata Lea and Gotn'oLosis de-
canipii Lea are listed from Huntsville. But like many other species
in our smaller streams, they may be already exterminated by the
ducks and geese. Campeloma lima Anthony and Somalogyrus cur-
rierianus Lea are also given as coming from Huntsville, but I ob-
tained no specimens.
Viviparida.
Vivipara contectoides Binn.
Campeloma coarctata Binn. (non Lea). From Bird Spring.
THE NAUTILUS. 127
Pomattopsidce.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say.
Corbiculada.
Musculium elevatinn Hald.
Pisidum virginicum Say.
NEW CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA.
BY WM. II. DALL.
During the later portion of the life of the late W. C. Goforth, lie
paid much attention to the natural history of the places in California
which he visited, and made some collections which were transmitted
to the U. S. National Museum after his death l>y a relative, Mrs.
Emma C. Ingersoll. Among them were two or three small speci-
mens of shells, supposed to have been collected at Monterey. Curi-
ously enough, one of these specimens represents a species hitherto
undescrihed, and which it gives me pleasure to name in honor of the
regretted collector.
Aesopus goforthi Dall, n. sp.
Shell smooth, slender, elongate, with inconspicuous sutures and
about eight whorls; nucleus defective, smooth; subsequent whorls
gradually increasing, moderately convex; color greenish-waxen with
flammules of dark chestnut so arranged on the last whorl as to form
two irregular bands, one above and the other below the periphery,
which also show in the interior of the aperture and on the base of the
pillar; the paler portion of the surface is also irregularly mottled
with opaque whitish blotches. Aperture short, rather wide; the
outer lip simple, sharp, smooth within ; body and pillar smooth,
with a thin wash of callus ; canal short, wide, not recurved. Length
of shell 13, of last whorl 6, of aperture 4 mm., max. diam. of shell
3.3 mm.
Type No. 249H24, U. S. N. Museum.
While destitute of the spiral sculpture which maiks many species
of the genus, it ;s not without smooth congeners as, for instance,
128 THE NAUTILUS.
Aesopus metcalfei Reeve, of tlie Antilles. The coloration recalls
that of the common Californian Astyris.
An examination of the sif'tings dredged by Mr. C. W. Gripp, out-
side the Kelp beds off the entrance to San Diego harbor, in 16 to 20
fathoms, has resulted in the discovery of several interesting shells.
Mangilia mterlirata Stearns has its range extended southward from
San Luis Obispo, A new species of Hochefortia, &nd a minute shell'
probably allied to the Corbulas, but requiring a new generic name,
were among the prizes.
GRIPPINA Dall, n. g.
Shell slightly inequivalve, donaciform, small, with a well-marked,
rounded, ascending pallial sinus; right valve receiving the dorsal
edges of the left in grooves beneath its own dorsal margins ; cardinal
teeth two, large, subequal, prominent, horizontally produced and
fitting under the beak of the left valve ; resilium strong, compressed,
situated between the two cardinals attached under the beak of the
left valve, and having on its ventral surface a thin calcareous coating
or ossiculum.
This genus differs from Corbula in the nearly equal valves, the dis-
tinct pallial sinus, and the absence of a resiliifer in the left valve; in
Corbula, too, the posterior cardinal is rarely developed and always
very inferior in size to the anterior tooth. The form of the teeth in
the two genera is quite different. Type :
Grippina caUfornica Dall, n. s.
Shell minute, subtrigonal, whitish, solid for its size, finely concen-
trically sculptured ; beaks moderately elevated, smooth ; inner mar-
gins of the valves smooth, the left valve with no hinge-plate; a narrow
lanceolate lunule and subequal, similar escutcheon present; each
bounded by a marked ridge ; outside of the escutcheon a second ra-
diating ridge extends from the beak to the lower posterior margin of
the valves but without producing a notable angulation of the margin.
Interior of the valves dull white, the muscular impressions and pallial
line distinct. Length 2.5, height 1.2, diameter 0.7 mm.
For other details see the generic description.
Rochefortla gi'ippi Dall, n. s.
Shell small, thin, equilateral, ovoid, with a dull brownish perios-
THE NAUTILUS. 129
tracum, more or less incrusteel with iron oxide, and sculptured only
by feeble incremental lines. Beaks inconspicuous, binge as in the
genus, bearing two very small diverging cardinals in one valve with
a rather strong resilium between them which seems to carry a small
lithodesma; opposite valve edentulous; pallial line entire; inner
margins of the valves simple. Length 4.5 ; height 2.5 ; max. diam-
eter 1.3 mm.
This species is proportionately much more elongate than any of
the other Pacific coast species and can be recognized at once by its
form. All of the others are more or less conspicuously equilateral,
and nearly all are larger.
Habitat : with the preceding. The species is named in honor of
its discoverer. Only one specimen of this and the preceding species
has been seen. The present specimen within the valves had a large
number of minute smooth larval bivalves, but whether they belong
to the same species is uncertain, since the specimen did not contain
any of the fleshy portions of the animal.
NOTES ON ANODONTA COUPERIANA AND A. GIBBOSA.
BY L. S. FRIEUSON.
In the " Synopis of the Naiades" of Mr. C. T. Simpson (1900),
it is stated that the Anodonta couperiana Lea (with its variety A.
•dunlapiami), is a synonym of the Anodonta gibbosa Say. In this
statement Mr. Simpson is followed by nearly all students who have
handled the subject, rendering a difficult study still more confused.
These species are quite distinct and belong to separate groups, and
even possibly to different genera.
Anodonta couperiana is a fairly common species in most collec-
tions of any size. It is a handsome shell, with a bright, shining
epidermis, and I am informed by Mr. T. Van Hyning that it very
seldom cracks as other Anodontas are so prone to do. Its umbones
are like those of Anodonta inibecHlis Say, i. e., they hardly rise above
the hinge line. The corrugations are similar to the imbecilHs, and
some specimens verge towards the Ano suborbiculata of ^ay, which,
despite its large size and different shape, belongs to the same group.
130 THE NAUTILUS.
On the other hand, tlie Ano. gibbosa Say, is a rather rare shell
and generally misnamed. It is remarkable for the great protuberance
of its beaks and umbos, and the swelling of the unibos continues
(with the growth of the shell) downwards and backwards. This
peculiarity gained for the species its name. A. gibbosa belongs to
the group of cataracta Say, having a double row of undulations on
its beaks, and it is really very doubtfully distinct from this variable
species.
Mr. Lea, having obtained specimens of this shell, in which the
umbo to post-basal swelling was not very pronounced, he made a
new species, which he called A, dariensis. The gibbosn being a rare
shell, as such it* identity has well-nigh been lost. For example, a
typical specimen, so-called by the late G. W. Tryon, was labelled as
A. dariensis by Mr. Simpson, and the Anodotita daritnsis figured by
Sowerby is a gibbosa. So also is the gibbosa figured by Sowerby
(or Reeve) in plate XI, fig. 23. (This figure is not mentioned by
Mr. Simpson). The shell is well figured also by Clessin, plate
XVI II, figs. 3 and 4, under its proper name. Mr. Simpson refers
these figures to gibbosa Say, correctly. But he also refers (as this
species) to Sowerby's coiiperianu, and especially to Clessin, plate
50, figs. 3 and 4.
Kvidei-ily Mr. Simpson did not compare these figures with one
another, for that Clessin's plate oO figures 3 and 4, and plate 18, fig.
3 and 4 represent two entirely diverse species would lie apparent to
the veriest tyro. Couperiana, Lea (with its variety dunlapiana)
then is to be recognized as a good species, and gibbosa, Say is also
a good species with dariensis as a synonym, or at best a variety.
POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS ALLENI WETH ., AND OTHER MISSOURI
HELICES.
BY F. A. SAMPSON.
Years ago when collecting shells at Eureka Springs, Arkansas,
Charles C. Allen, then of that place, later of Florida, became inter-
ested in conchology, and a variety of P. albolabrtx found there was
named for him by Prof. Wetherby, and it has since been decided
that all of the P. albolabris west of the Mississippi and south of Iowa
are of that variety.
THE NAUTILUS. 131
I have in my collection specimens from sixteen counties in Mis-
souri, and these vary greatly in size I'rom 18 mm. to 32 mm. diam-
eter. The largest is from Scott county in southwest Missouri ; Irom
Galena, Stone county they vary from '26 to 30 mm.; from Boone
county from 23 to 30 mm.; and Irom Kansas City 18 to '27 mm.
The specimens from Kansas City are interesting, and the average
size at two points within the City ditfeis quite markedly. From an
old cemetery near Main and 27th streets 1 collected more than
ninety living shells, and from the blutt's about the Union Station I
found eight dead shells ; ths following table will show the sizes from
the two places :
Diameter, Mm. Cemetery. Blurts.
18 2
18.5 2
19 11
19.5 7
20 20 1
20.5 8
21 16
21.5 6
22 7
22.5 5
23 5 1
23.5 1 2
24 1 1
24.5 1
25 1 1
27 1
At Boonville I found one dead but fresh shell of Polygyra miiltili-
nc'if'i Say, the only one 1 have found in the State. The P»ly<iyra
diveata Gld., is found living in the southern counties of the Slate,
and I have it from the Postpliocene at St. Joseph. From the Post-
pliocene of Boone and Moniteau counties I have the Polygyra j>ro-
fituHa S;«y, but have not found it living in the Slate. To the
NAI TILIJS lor June 1894, I noticed finding Pulygyra andrewsce W.
G. B. in St. Francois county. I have P. pemtsylranica from St.
Louis county, and from the Postpliocene of Boone county.
132 THE NAUTILUS.
HENRY M. EDSON.
We deeply regret to announce the tragic death of Henry M. Edson,
of Palo Alto, California. In alighting hastily from a car he was
struck by a passing train, death resulting from the injuries received.
He was 35 years of age and a native of New York. He had served
in the army in the Philippines and received an honorable discharge.
Of late years he became greatly interested in the study of mollusks,
contributing a number of articles to THE NAUTILUS. His genial
disposition won him many warm friends.
NOTES.
MODIOLUS DEMISSUS VAR. PL1CATULUS LAM., IN BROOKLINE,
MASS. Until two or three years ago this marine shell lived in a
little piece of marsh at Cottage Farm, along the south side of Com-
monwealth avenue, between Essex and St. Paul streets, the marsh
having an outlet under Commonwealth avenue and the Boston and
Albany Railroad into the Charles River. The first improvement
detrimental to the life of the mussels was the buildin" of the dam
D
forming the Charles River basin and shutting out the salt water from
that part of the river. The persistent oiling of the ditches to destroy
mosquitoes, and finally a public dump preliminary to forming a
street, has so polluted the marsh as to undoubtedly cause their death.
C. W. JOHNSON.
PoLYGYRALAW.fi. — While examining some Polygyra lava Lewis,
collected by Herbert H. Smith at Woodstock, Bibb county, Ala., I
noticed that they are covered with very fine, short hairs arranged in
diagonal rows. As this character is not mentioned in the descrip-
tion given in Binney's " Manual," p. 317, I examined four adults
and one young in the Dr. James Lewis collection from Hayesville,
N. C., and, while the shells have the appearance of being weathered,
a magnification of 10 diameters showed the hair-scars. Perfectly
fresh specimens have a beautiful silky lustre and the embryonic
whorls are densely granulated like the Stenotremas.
GEORGE H. CLAPP.
1912.
SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIVE PLANTS.
LEAFLET NO. 23.
A Plea for the Conservation of Wild Flowers,
BY GEORGE T. RUDDOCK.
The newspapers of April 21, 1911, displayed an item on activities
of the teachers and children of the Oakland public schools in stripping
the hills and forests of Alameda County of wild flowers. The chil-
dren's department of the public library building was used to exhibit
the flowers taken, the public was invited to inspect, and, doubtless,
expected to approve and applaud. The publications detailed the
localities allotted to the several schools, and impressed the idea of
competition in quantities to be gathered.
It may have been the purpose of the initiators of the outing to make
it educational. Then why the reserved space for exhibition? A
few specimens of each kind collected in the fields and properly pre-
sented by the teacher would have been effective. . . .
Such an outing always resolves itself into competitive vandalism, —
without design perhaps, but with that inevitable result. Field flowers
cautiously plucked may serve for exhibition or decorative purposes;
but few persons are temperate enough in their desires, or sufficiently
thoughtful to pick them with the best effect and least violence to the
fields.
The aesthetic duty of wild flowers is to adorn the fields: their
especial mission is to produce seed to perpetuate the species and,
coincidentally, to furnish food for other life forms. To destroy the
seeding capacity is to end the life history of the plant in the locality.
Wild flowers propagate mostly by seed. In order to insure reproduc-
tion, they bear these in large quantities, but with a low percentage of
germination. These few fertile seeds must escape destruction by fire,
birds, rodents, insects, and grazing animals before new plants can be
produced to struggle on to flowering maturity. All of these deterrents
are normal: when the human element of destructiveness is added, the
end is in sight.
Cultivated plants have the advantage of protection, care, and as-
sistance. They are gathered more sanely, and no such destructive
manner of picking would be tolerated by the enthusiasts who pluck
up wholly immature plants in the field. As stated, the sesthetic duty
of wild flowers is to attract — in the fields: there they should be en-
joyed and allowed to remain for the enjoyment of others. . . .
If the children be trained in this department of nature study, let it
be done in the fields. Instead of one trip of destruction, let many be
made to study the flowers, their environment and purposes; and at
appropriate times to gather and distribute seeds to assist in the con-
servation of the plants in their unmatchable beauty as intended by
nature.
[Reprinted from the Sierra Club Bulletin of January, 1912, by permission of
the author.]
For more leaflets apply to Miss M. E. CARTER,
BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, Boston.
1912.
SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF NATIVE PLANTS.
LEAFLET NO. 22.
jiiufuitL^
tb
CTI
LmJi I^J^ J &*- rfo/i**+t
a.
For more Leaflets apply to Miss M. E. Carter, Boston Society of Natural
History, Boston.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XXV. APRIL, 1912. No. 12
OHEOHELIX COLONIES IN COLORADO
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.
The native species of land snails in Colorado are mostly small —
from the size of Pyramidula cockerelli down to Vertigo and Vallonia.
The only known exception is the genus Oreohelix, which is much
better represented, both in numbers of species and abundance of in-
dividuals, than has generally been supposed. My first experience
with the genus was along the eastern foothill belt of the Rocky Moun-
tains, the eastern limit of its range in Colorado. There I found
Oreohelix strigosa depressa Cockerell (then considered 0. strigosa)^
very generally but sparingly distributed, never obtaining more than
half a dozen live or freshly dead specimens. Several facts led to the
natural conclusion that the genus was approaching extinction in Col-
orado. (1) The scarcity of live specimens along the foothills. (2)
The occurrence of large numbers of fossil specimens in a small ex-
posure near Boulder, taken in connection with the widespread belief
in a marked desiccation of the West and Southwest since middle
Pleistocene time, which would make conditions less favorable for
these snails. (4) Ingersoll's report (Hayden Survey, Ann. Kept.,
1874, p. 396; Binney's Land Shells, p. 166) that dead 0. cooperi
were abundant in North and Middle Park, but that live ones were
not common. (4) Numerous dead shells received from various lo-
calities west of the Continental Divide, with no live ones. (5) The
occurrence of 0. haydcni fossil in large numbers near Glenwood
Springs, with no live or freshly dead ones reported.
More recent discoveries have rendered that view wholly untenable.
134 THE NAUTILUS.
During the past five years all the species of the genus now known to
inhabit Colorado have been found alive in flourishing colonies, so
that it seems probable they are as abundant as they ever were.
The first important colonies to come to my attention were of 0.
haydeni Gabb and variety gabbiana Hemphill, discovered on the
bluff above the Hotel Colorado, at Glenwood Springs, by the well-
known botanist and naturalist, Professor E. Bethel, of Denver.
The colonies were in close proximity, one above the other. They
were on limestones, sandstones and calcareous shales. 0. haydeni
was easily recognized, but the others were sent to Dr. Pilsbry, who
wrote :
"The shells are indistinguishable from 0. haydeni gabbiana Hemp-
hill. It is also to be noted here that Hemphill found gabbiana and
a form with strong spirals, hardly separable from typical haydeni, on
the same mountain-side, though in separate colonies."
Unfortunately Professor Bethel's vivid and interesting description
written at the time, was lost in transit to Dr. Pilsbry, and I have
never been able to get him to attempt to rewrite it.
Later Mr. Albert Dakan, of Longmont, visited the locality and
collected both species, though I am not certain that they are from
exactly the same colonies. He locates his haydeni colony on a lime-
stone formation " on the mountain-side on the north side of the
Grand River just above the point where the Glenwood water-main
crosses it." His gabbiana colony he places on Blocks 51 and 52 of
the town plat. His account of gabbiana throws such light on the
habits of the genus, is so in accord with my own experience elsewhere,
and so well explains why live Oreohelix have not been found abun-
dantly in the State by earlier collectors, that I feel justified in quot-
ting it somewhat fully, as follows :
" While returning from a little climb on the hill at the northeast
corner of the town, on the afternoon of April 8, 1908, I noticed a
few snails, and gathered what scattering ones I could find on a zig-
zag course down the hill-side. I had gathered up nearly a handful,
when suddenly one that was in my fingers showed signs of life.
This aroused a livelv interest in the search, but it was some little
it
time before the second live one was found. After that they were
easy to find. My hands were soon full, but mostly of dead ones.
Not caring to discard any of them I went to the foot of the hill and
ot a three-pound lard pail and then went after them in earnest.
THE NAUTILUS. 135
The hill-side is covered, though not thickly, with low brush and
scattered bunch-grass. The earth is of disintegrated calcareous
shale. Under the clumps of bushes was a sprinkling of dead leaves
matted down by the winter's snows. Here were snails by the hun-
dred. It was a populous city of slow-feet all out on parade. There
had been light showers during the afternoon. The ground was very
damp, but not muddy. Everywhere the snails were erect, and as
the eye became accustomed to their appearance when in motion
their numbers seemed to greatly increase. I soon had over a pint
of live specimens — enough, it would seem to satisfy anyone that
there is one place at least in Colorado where lack of numbers and
difficulty of access cannot be pleaded as an excuse for not knowing
more of the habits of this creature. Two days after the above find
I returned to the snail city in company with Mr. Underwood, prin-
cipal of the local high school. Neither he nor his instructors knew
of the existence of the live snails so near town. It was about five
o'clock in the afternoon. The weather had cleared up and the hill-
side was comparatively dry. I had been enthusiastic in telling of
the number of snails to be found, so was not a little surprised in not
finding immediate verification of my story. Indeed, very few were
to be found. I went from clump to clump of bushes, each time dis-
appointed, for, where two days before there were hundreds, now none
could be seen. Then I began a closer search. Snail habits were
unknown to me, but their ability to hide so effectively was about the
last thing thought of. We soon began to find them under sticks,
roots, bunch-grass and stones, and in the small crevices of the loose
earth. None of them had migrated. Under one protecting stick a
dozen or more were found. Soon we had nearly a pint of shells,
each full of life. It was then easy to understand why they had not
been discovered. Human pedestrians do not choose drizzly days for
their strolls, while such weather is the snail's delight. But in dry
weather they very effectually hide themselves. It is easy to find the
bleached, white, empty houses of the dead, while in life the snails
are so nearly the color of the ground that they easily escape notice.
In fact, it would be hard for the untrained eye to see them even
when exposed to view. This I appreciated more fully after I had
placed about a dozen of them on the ground near the rear wall of my
home. The ground was dry and the snails were soon practically out
of sight. I have been speaking of them in hundreds, but after a
136 THE NAUTILUS.
more careful view will increase to thousands the numbers which may
be seen under favorable conditions. Several pairs were observed in
the act of copulation — in fact, this was a very common thing on this
visit."
Mr. Dakan found another colony of gabbiana at Newcastle, where
he collected over a thousand live ones in twenty minutes. Since then
I have collected all along the Grand Hogback from Newcastle to
Meeker and north to Axial, up White River to Trapper's Lake and
Marne Lakes, in North Park and Middle Park, and everywhere
under favorable conditions have found the shells of this genus in
great abundance, each species usually occupying a colony by itself,
though in some instances they intermingled. While scattering ones
are found elsewhere, they are abundant only on slopes or ledges of
limestones or calcareous soils or shales, where there are bushes of
various kinds. They are found indifferently under sage brush, wild
rose bushes, mountain mahogany, Amelanchier and many other
bushes, but are not often abundant under aspens or oaks, in this re-
spect differing from the smaller species of snails. Loamy, willow-
covered bottom-lands do not appeal to them. Where they occur in
numbers they are easily found alive on moist days, when it is raining
or the bushes are dripping with fog or dew. I have seldom found
other snails common where Oreohelix are abundant.
Without attempting to enumerate all the localities from which a
few specimens have been collected, I give below a summary of the
more important colonies and some other records to show the general
distribution of the species, the collector's name being given except
where I conducted the material myself, these records being all based
upon material in the University of Colorado Museum.
OREOHELIX STRIGOSA DEPRESSA Ckll.
To this form I have assigned all our Colorado material formerly
considered strigosa. Present but not abundant usually along the
eastern foothills of the Front Range from Pueblo to Belleview.
The finest specimens we have are a few from an altitude of 11,000
feet on Mt. Audubon (A. Mackenzie, 1905), one very strigose spec-
imen from near Ohio City, at 11.800 feet (Frank Rohwer). A few
are from Treasury Mountain, Gunnison county, at 10,900 feet (Prof.
R. D. George). The highest record is from 14 miles west of Lead-
ville, at 12,700 feet (H. A. Aurand). Binney and Cockerell have
THK NAUTILUS. 137
recorded it from Durango. A thriving colony was found just north
of Morrison (Rohvver).
I visited this colony on September 23 with Mr. Rohwer, and find
it the most remarkable yet discovered east of the Front Range.
Though scattered snails were found over the whole slope above, they
were abundant only under three small groups of skunk-bush (Rhus
trilobata Nutt.), where the soil contained many fragments of lime-
stone which had slid down from up the slope, the aggregate area of
the groups covering less than 100 square feet. Under one root were
46 specimens clinging one to another in a cluster. As they average
over three-fourths of an inch in major diameter, one may imagine the
size of the cluster. On the under surface of a board on an area of
48 square inches, 98 were found, making almost two layers. Under
a rock o by 6 inches were 23. Within a radius of 8 inches were 80.
These were all alive. In a short time we collected 953 live ones.
Though the weather had been exceedingly dry and warm for weeks,
they were scarcely buried, the soil being too hard for them to burrow
into had they wished to, except an inch or so of debris and leaves on
the surface. In digging we found none deeper than 3 or 4 inches,
none below the loose debris, mostly barely covered and many ex-
posed, but all dormant. We carried them home in a box and the
combined moisture of the mass seemed sufficient to awaken them, so
that the next day they were all active and their shells moist. This
may suggest the reason for clustering in this semi-arid region.
With this exception, the finest colony yet reported is one I found
last August north of the river a mile below Steamboat Springs, on a
steep, dry, south-facing slope of lower Mancos Cretaceous shales and
limestone. Time was too limited for much collecting. At the first
point of contact with the colony 0. cooperi predominated, while less
than half a mile to the west depressa predominated, thus : At the
west 112 depressa and 16 cooperi collected ; at the east 106 cooperi
and 77 depressa. Hot, dry weather, live snails well concealed. A
considerable proportion of both species were quite dark and many
showed the color characters of 0. s. albofasciata Hemphill, the upper
dark band extending to the suture, the lower one to the umbilicus,
with a white band on the periphery, but other examples showed com-
plete gradation into the typical forms. As I have found this varia-
tion and gradation in other colonies of each of the two species, and
finding none that cannot be referred to one or the other, the record
138 THE NAUTILUS.
of albofasciata should be eliminated from the Colorado list. Not
having seen Utah specimens of Hemphill's sub-species, I cannot say
whether it is valid.
OREOHELIX COOPERI (W. G. B.)
I have seen no live ones east of the Front Range, and but few
dead or fossil ones, but it is exceedingly abundant on the outcrops
of lower Mancos (or Niobrara and Benton) cretaceous limestones
and calcareous shales, nearly everywhere I have been west of the
Front Range, as well as on the Mesa Verde sandstone slopes at
Rio Blanco and at Axial, probably where thin limestone bands in
the sandstone furnished lime for the soil. Also found it more spar-
ingly up White River to Trapper's Lake, 10,000, feet. Abund-
ant dead but fresh shells have been found on the Laramie, North
Park, near Gleneyrie (Wm. Fleming). Probably a search would
have revealed a strong living colony. A flourishing colony of large
live ones occurs at Montrose (Bethel) and a few dead ones came
from Wolcott. There are many fine colonies on the Benton and
Niobrara formations in the valley of Muddy Creek, north of
Kremmling, Middle Park. One of the best is about 25 miles north
of Kremmling, on a dry, unmixed sage brush terrace, with no pro-
tection except the scattered and dwarfed sage a foot or two high, yet
the shells are about of normal size. On a south-facing, brush-cov-
ered slope of calcareous shales, on the north side of the creek where
the wagon road from Kremmling to Steamboat Springs crosses the
southwest corner of North Park, onamoistmorninglast July I collected
511 active specimens in a short time on a distance of 72 feet along
the trail, without including the numerous young ones and only tak-
ing those easily seen without searching. At one point there were 19
crawling about within a radius of five inches. Altitude 8,860 feet.
In adjacent bottomlands, where a black loam was covered by scrub
willows, there were no snails. Ten were found in an aspen grove
half a mile away, including one albino. At Rio Blanco a thriving
colony was found under aspens, and at Newcastle a fine lot were ob-
tained from beneath narrow-leaved cottonwoods. At Steamboat
Springs, in addition to the mixed strigosa-cooperi colony, I found a
pure cooperi colony, yielding abundant very robust specimens, on the
west side of the river above the town. The center of abundance waa
in a narrow-leaved cottonwood grove on a steep, east-facing slope,
THE NAUTILUS. 139
where the soil probably receives considerable lime from the lime-
stones further up the slope. Altitude 7,000 feet. The snails were
hiding under rose, sage and other brush, but not hard to find. The
colony extended over the whole slope, but individuals were scarce in
the aspen and scrub-oak groves. Throughout the whole region I
have not found the snails abundant on the non-calcareous formations-
( To be concluded.}
A REVISION OF THE ANCYLI OF SOUTH AFEICA.
BY BKYANT WALKER.
Several months ago Messrs. H. C. Burnup of Maritzburg, Natal,
John Farquhar of Grahamstown, Cape Colony, and John Ponsonby
and M. Connolly of London, placed in my hands for examination a
large collection of the Ancyli of South Africa. In order that the
results of the investigation might be available for immediate use
elsewhere, the following summary has been prepared. A fully illus-
trated report with complete bibliographic references, comparative
remarks, etc., is in preparation and will be published in the immedi-
ate future.
The region included in the report is bounded on the north by the
Zambesi and Kunene rivers.
Genus ANCYLUS Geoffroy.
Section Bumupia n. sec.
Shell dextral ; apex punctate, in a more or less radial pattern.
Type : Ancylus caffer Krauss.
I. Ancylus caffer Krauss.
1848. Ancylus caffer Krauss, Sudafr. Moll., p. 70, pi. 4, fig. 13.
1859. Ancylus gaulus Gould, Pr. B. S. N. H., VII, p. 40.
Type locality : (cctffer^, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
(yaw/ws), Cape of Good Hope.
Also : Umkomaas ; Imputyni stream near Maritzburg ; Inkwalini
stream near Maritzburg ; Tongaat ; and Equeefa River, Natal
(Burnup).
Var. nanus n. v.
Shell smaller than typical caffer, proportionately shorter and
140 THE NAUTILUS.
broader, being obovate rather than oval ; apex less depressed ; dark
brown.
Length 4.5, width 3.5, alt. 1.75 mm.
Type locality : Karkloot' stream, Natal (Toynton). Also :
Maritzburg, Natal (Ponsonby).
Type, No. 36002, coll. Walker.
Var. gordonensis Melv. and Pons.
1903. Ancylus (Ferrissia) gordonensis M. and P., A. M. N. H.,
xii, p. 606, pi. xxxi, fig. 2.
Type locality : Gordon Falls, near Pietermaritzburg, Natal. Also,
Edendale Falls, Umzindusi River ; Howick Falls, Umgeni River ;
Nottingham Road ; Town Bush Valley stream, Maritzburg ; Sweet-
water stream near Maritzburg ; Aarvogel Krantz, Umgeni River ;
Dargle, Umgeni system (Burnup); Karkloof stream (Burnup and
Morton) and Umgeni River, Natal (Ponsonby); Zoutspansberg,
Transvaal (Cragoe).
Var. farquhari n. v.
Much smaller than typical gordonensis, to which it is most closely
allied ; thicker and darker ; apex more prominent, but scarcely at all
depressed.
Length 4.8, width 3.75, alt. 2 mm.
Type locality : York, East Griqualand (Farquhar). Also, Teko
River, Transki (Hickey).
Type, No. 36003, coll. Walker.
Var. stenochorias Melv. and Pons.
1903. Ancylus (Ferrissid) stenochorias M. and P., A. M. N. H.,
xii, p. 607, pi. xxxi, fig. 1.
1853. ? Ancylus obliquus Krauss, in Kuster Con. Cab., Ancylus,
pi. 1, figs. 18-20, non Brod. and Sby., 1832.
1882. ? Ancylus caffer Clessin, Con. Cab., Aucylus, p. 36, pi. 1,
figs. 18-20.
1889. ? Ancylus caffer Morelet, J. de Con., xxvii, p. 20.
Type locality: Ebb en Vloed, Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.
Also, Van Staden's River and Bog Farm, Port Elizabeth (Pon-
sonby); Bakken's River, Port Elizabeth (Farquhar); Upper Retreat
and Klipplatz River, Cathcart (Ponsonby); Kaiser River, Montagu
(Connolly); King William's Town Road Dam and Kowie River,
Grahamstown (Farquhar).
THE NAUTILUS. 141
Var. capensis n. v.
Shell rather thin, translucent, oval, brownish horn color, darker
on the apex ; surface with fine, regular growth-lines and very fine,
close, somewhat irregular radial striae ; apex prominent, subacute,
strongly turned to the right, but not much deflected except at the
extreme tip; anterior slope convex, somewhat flattened towards the
apex ; posterior slope concave ; right slope convex ; left slightly
concave.
Length 7.5, width 4.5, alt. 2.5 mm.
Type locality : Lakeside, Cape Peninsula (Connolly). Also,
Hoot Bay, Cape Peninsula (Connolly) ; Woost Hill River and
Blaukrantz River, Grahamstown (Farquhar).
Type, No. 36004, coll. Walker.
Var. trapezoidens O. Boettger.
1907. Ancylus trapezoideus O. Bcettg., in Schultze, " Aus Nama-
land und Kalahari," p. 708,
1910. Ancylus trapezoideus O. Boattg., Abb. Senckenb. Naturf.
Ges., Frankfurt, xxxii, p. 45, pi. 28, fig. 15.
1897.? Ancylus caffer, v. Mt?., Beschalte, p. 151, pi. 1, fig. 19a,
c and d.
Type locality : Witkop, British Bechuanaland. Sub-fossil. Also,
Pretoria (McBean) ; Pretoria District (Connolly) ; Valsch River,
Lindley, Orange Free State (Connolly); Crocodile Drift, Transvaal
(Connolly) ; Zoutspansberg, Transvaal (Cragoe) ; ? Bach Tararo,
Umdussuma (Stuhlmann).
II. Ancylus mooiensis n. sp.
Shell slightly obovate, the greatest width being in front of the
center; thin, translucent, shining, light horn-color ; surface with
regular, but very fine, growth-lines and exceedingly delicate, wavy,
radial striae ; apex about half-way between the center and the pos-
terior margin, subacute, not prominent, but slightly turned to the
right and very little deflected ; anterior slope convex, but flattened
above and nearly straight as it approaches the anterior margin ;
posterior slope long and regularly, but not deeply, concave; right
slope slightly convex ; left nearly straight, slightly concave about
half-way down.
Length 6.25, width 3, alt. 2.5 mm.
142 THE NAUTILUS.
Type locality : Mooi River, Potschefstroom, Transvaal (Living-
ston).
Type, No. 36005, coll. Walker.
Var. dubiosus n. v.
Shell narrower; apex more obtuse, less prominent and decidedly
turned to the right.
Type locality : Pienaars Poort near Pretoria (Connolly). Also,
Woost Hill River. Grahamstown (Farquhar).
Type, No. 36006, coll. Walker.
III. Ancylus transvaelensis Craven.
1880. Ancylus transvaalcnsis Craven. P. Z. S., London, 1880, p.
617, pi. Ivii, tig. 11.
1907. ? Ancylus (Ferrissia) stenochorias O. Boettger, in Schultze,
" Aus Namaland und Kalahari," p. 708.
1910.? Ancylus (Ferrissia') stenochorias O. Boettger, Abh.
Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankfurt, xxxii, p. 450.
Type locality: Mooi River, Transvaal (Craven). Also, Pretoria
District, Transvaal (Connolly); Vereeniging, Orange Free State
(Johnson); Prieske, Orange River system, Cape Colony (Pon-
sonby);? Witkop, British Bechuanaland (Boettger).
IV. Ancylus verreauxii Bourguignat.
1853. Ancylus verreauxii Bgt., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, p. 351.
1854. Bgt.v ibid., 1854, pi. 1, fig. 1.
1856. Bgt., Amen. Mai., p. 12, pi. 1, fig. 1.
1882. Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylus, p. 60, pi. 5,
fig. 4.
1862. Ancylus verreauxii Bgt., Spicil. Mai., p. 194.
Type locality: " Ville de Constance," Cape of Good Hope. Also,
Retreat, Cape Peninsula (Connolly).
Section Ferrissia Walker, 1903.
Ferrissia Walker, NAUTILUS, XVII, p. 15.
Type, Ancylus rivularis Say.
V. Ancylus burnupi n. sp.
Shell small, depressed, long oval, lateral margins nearly parallel,
only slightly convex, the left more than the right, anterior margin
THE NAUTILUS. 143
regularly rounded, posterior margin more or less obliquely truncated
on the right side; very thin, diaphanus, translucent, white, shining,
polished; lines of growth regular, but minute; anterior surface with
faint, irregular, radial ripples; apex about half way between the cen-
ter and posterior margin, obtuse, scarcely projecting and slightly
turned to the right; anterior slope but slightly convex; posterior
nearly straight ; a little concave in the center; right slope slightly
convex; left nearly straight.
Length 4 ; width 2.2 ; alt. 1 mm.
Type locality : Equeefa River, Natal (Burnup). Also, Brack
Kloof River, Grahamstown, Cape Colony (Farquhar).
Type, No. 36007, coll. Walker.
VI. Ancylus connollyi n. sp.
Shell small, subconical, oval, lateral margins nearly parallel, the
left slightly more convex, anterior and posterior margins regularly
rounded; thin; translucent, light horn-color, almost white; growth-
lines fine, rather irregular, anterior surface somewhat wrinkled trans-
versely ; apex about one-fifth from the posterior margin, obtuse,
prominent, slightly turned to the right ; anterior alone slightly con-
vex ; posterior slightly concave, nearly straight ; lateral slopes nearly
straight, the right a little convex.
Length 3.75; width 2.2; alt. 1.5 mm.
Type locality: Black River, Maitland, Cape Colony (Connolly).
Also, King William's Town Road Dam, Grahamstown, Cape Colony
(Farquhar).
Type, No. 36008, coll. Walker.
VII. Ancylus equeefensis n. sp.
Shell small, depressed, oval, the left margin slightly more curved
than the right; anterior and posterior margins regularly rounded ;
thin, light horn-color ; lines of growth fine and regular ; apex close
to posterior margin, very obtuse, but not prominent, distinctly
turned to the right; anterior slope straight, except as it slightly
curves towards the apex, posterior nearly straight from below the
apex for two-thirds of its length, thence oblique to the margin ; right
slope slightly convex; left a little concave.
Length 3.75 ; width 2.1 ; alt. 1 mm.
Type locality : Equeefa River, Natal (Burnup).
Type, No. 36009, coll. Walker.
144 THE NAUTILUS.
VIII. Ancylus fontinalis n. sp.
Shell small, depressed, long, oval, narrow, lateral margins parallel
and nearly straight, anterior margin regularly rounded, posterior
margin slightly truncated on the right side ; thin, white ; growth-
lines very fine and regular ; apex about half-way between the center
and the posterior margin, rounded, obtuse, quite prominent, only
slightly turned to the right ; anterior slope long and nearly straight ;
posterior slope oblique, straight from the base of the apex to the
margin, lateral slopes oblique, nearly straight, slightly incurved
towards the margin.
Length 3.25, width 1.8, alt. 0.8 mm.
Type locality : Ranjesfontein, Pretoria District (Connolly).
Also, Morgendal, Orange River Colony and Pienaars Poort, Pre-
toria (Connolly).
Type, No. 36010, coll. Walker.
IX. Ancylus victoriensis n. sp.
Shell minute, rather narrow, slightly obovate, the greatest width
being at the anterior third of the length, anterior and posterior mar-
gins regularly rounded, lateral margins slightly curved, the left more
than the right ; thin ; light greenish horn-color ; lines of growth
rather coarse and irregular, more or less rippled on the anterior
slope ; apex posterior, large, prominent, obtuse, scarcely, if at all,
turned to the right ; anterior slope very convex ; posterior slope
very short, nearly straight and scarcely oblique ; lateral slopes about
equally convex, the apex being in the longitudinal axis of the shell.
Length 2.25, width 1.5, alt. 0.75 mm.
Type locality : Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (Connolly).
Type, No. 36011, coll. Walker.
X. Ancylus zambesiensis n. sp.
Shell minute, subdepressed, short oval, anterior and posterior
margins broadly rounded, lateral margins about equally curved ;
light greenish horn-color ; surface with lines of growth distinct and
irregularly rippled on the anterior slope ; apex rather prominent, ob-
tuse, in the longitudinal axis of the shell and not perceptibly turned
to the right ; anterior slope slightly convex ; posterior slope oblique
and straight ; lateral slopes oblique and only slightly convex.
Length 2.25 ; width 1.6; alt. 0.75 mm.
Type locality: Victoria Falls, Zambesi River (Connolly).
Type, No. 36012, coll. Walker.
9
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